Table 3. Study outcomes in overweight middle-aged men in the upper tertile of omega-3 index (HOI) compared to those in the two lower tertiles (LOI). Data are means and 95% confidence intervals adjusted for confounding factors in the multivariate models, including the repeated measures within each participant. GLP-1 AUC represents the area under the curve measured during a 120-minute oral glucose tolerance test. Statistically significant values at p < 0.05 are shown in bold.

	LOI	HOI	p-value
n	31	16
Glucose homeostasis
Insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index)	4.78 (4.14–5.52)	6.83 (5.53–8.43)	0.009
Disposition index	4.37 (3.50–5.47)	7.44 (5.34–10.37)	0.013
HOMA-IR	1.82 (1.58–2.11)	1.41 (1.14–1.74)	0.055
Fasting glucose (mmol/l)	5.39 (5.19–5.59)	5.35 (5.21–5.49)	0.73
Fasting insulin (mU/l)	7.46 (6.43–8.66)	5.60 (4.50–6.97)	0.038
24-hour ambulatory blood pressure
Daytime systolic (mmHg)	126.6 (123.2–130.1)	124.8 (119.7–130.0)	0.57
Daytime diastolic (mmHg)	80.0 (77.4–82.6)	78.1 (74.3–82.0)	0.43
Night time systolic (mmHg)	112.6 (109.8–115.5)	106.6 (102.4–110.9)	0.025
Night time diastolic (mmHg)	67.7 (65.6–69.7)	64.2 (61.2–67.3)	0.072
Systolic dip (%)	10.8 (8.8–12.8)	14.7 (11.7–17.6)	0.039
Diastolic dip (%)	15.4 (12.9–17.8)	17.7 (14.1–21.4)	0.30
Carotid intima-media thickness (mm)	0.80 (0.75–0.84)	0.84 (0.77–0.91)	0.30
Other metabolic markers
Free fatty acids (mmol/l)	0.38 (0.34–0.43)	0.30 (0.26–0.36)	0.024
Uric acid (umol/l)	360 (337–384)	354 (321–387)	0.77
CRP (mg/l)	1.16 (0.88–1.55)	0.69 (0.48–1.01)	0.033
Active GLP-1 (AUC)	1129 (913–1346)	950 (645–1255)	0.35
Lipid profile
Total cholesterol (mmol/l)	5.16 (4.92–5.40)	4.94 (4.59–5.29)	0.31
LDL-C (mmol/l)	3.51 (3.28–3.73)	3.41 (3.09–3.73)	0.64
HDL-C (mmol/l)	1.05 (0.97–1.13)	1.05 (0.94–1.18)	0.92
Total cholesterol: HDL-C	4.86 (4.46–5.30)	4.63 (4.10–5.23)	0.52
Triglycerides (mmol/l)	1.14 (1.00–1.29)	1.01 (0.85–1.22)	0.31