Table 1. Characteristics of the study population.
| Total | Male | Female | χ2 | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |||
| Age | |||||
| 45 ~ 59 | 5344 (51.1) | 2392 (47.3) | 2952 (54.7) | 60.3 | <0.001 |
| 60 ~ 74 | 4310 (41.2) | 2222 (43.9) | 2088 (38.7) | ||
| ≥75 | 801 (7.7) | 442 (8.7) | 359 (6.6) | ||
| Education | |||||
| primary school or below | 6964 (66.6) | 2916 (57.7) | 4048 (75.0) | 351.5 | <0.001 |
| junior high school or above | 3491 (33.4) | 2140 (42.3) | 1351 (25.0) | ||
| Marital status | |||||
| Married/cohabitating | 9215 (88.1) | 4618 (91.3) | 4597 (85.1) | 95.8 | <0.001 |
| Divorced/separated/widowed/never married | 1240 (11.9) | 438 (8.7) | 802 (14.9) | ||
| Community type | |||||
| Village | 8255 (79.0) | 3906 (77.3) | 4349 (80.6) | 17.1 | <0.001 |
| City | 2200 (21.0) | 1150 (22.7) | 1050 (19.5) | ||
| Geographic location | |||||
| East | 3800 (36.3) | 1828 (36.2) | 1972 (36.5) | 0.9 | 0.622 |
| Central | 4030 (38.5) | 1937 (38.3) | 2093 (38.8) | ||
| West | 2625 (25.2) | 1291 (25.5) | 1334 (24.7) | ||
| Smoking | |||||
| No | 5984 (57.2) | 1036 (20.5) | 4948 (82.7) | 5403.4 | <0.001 |
| Quit | 703 (6.7) | 613 (12.1) | 90 (1.7) | ||
| Yes | 3768 (36.0) | 3407 (67.4) | 361 (6.7) | ||
| Drinking | |||||
| No | 6789 (64.9) | 2194 (43.4) | 4595 (85.1) | 2173.5 | <0.001 |
| Less than once a month | 823 (7.9) | 474 (9.4) | 349 (6.5) | ||
| More than once a month | 2843 (27.2) | 2388 (47.2) | 455 (8.4) | ||
| Chronic conditions | |||||
| 0 | 2882 (27.6) | 1475 (29.2) | 1407 (26.1) | 25.1 | <0.001 |
| 1 ~ 2 | 5198 (49.7) | 2529 (50.0) | 2669 (49.4) | ||
| ≥3 | 2375 (22.7) | 1052 (20.8) | 1323 (24.5) | ||
| ADL | |||||
| ADL dependent | 1664 (15.9) | 685 (13.5) | 979 (18.1) | 41.0 | <0.001 |
| ADL independent | 8791 (84.1) | 4371 (86.5) | 4420 (81.9) | ||
| IADL | |||||
| IADL dependent | 2344 (22.4) | 905 (17.9) | 1439 (26.7) | 115.0 | <0.001 |
| IADL independent | 8111 (77.6) | 4151 (82.1) | 3960 (73.3) | ||