Table 1.
Summary of Characteristics of Studies (n=25 included in qualitative review).
|
ACTIVE WARMING VS. PASSIVE WARMING (n=11 included in meta-analysis; *excluded from meta-analysis due to outcome reporting) | |||||||||
|
Author/Ye ar |
Sampl e Size |
Anesthes ia |
Surgery |
Intraoperative Comparisons (+ prewarming if specified) |
Outcome Measurement |
||||
|
Temp site |
Hypother mia |
||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Benson et al. (2012)[35] |
30 | Spinal | TKA | FAW with pre-op warming |
Warm cotton blanket |
Oral | <36°C | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Butwick et al. (2007)[22] |
30 | Spinal | C- section |
FAW on lower extremities |
FAW blanket turned off |
Oral | <35.5°C | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Casati et al. (1999a)[36 ] |
50 | CSE | THA | FAW on upper body |
Reflective blank on upper body & non-operative lower extremity |
Bladder | <36°C | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Chakladar et al. (2014)[37] |
116 | Spinal, epidural, general: n=1 |
C- section |
Underbody conductive heat mat + warm IV fluids if >500ml administered |
Cotton sheet + warm IV fluids if >500ml administered |
Temporal artery |
<36°C | ||
|
| |||||||||
| *Chung et al. (2012)[40] |
45 | Spinal | C- section |
FAW on upper body with 15- minute pre-op warming |
Warm IV fluids |
FAW blanket turned off |
Tympani c & skin |
||
|
| |||||||||
| Cobb et al. (2016)[33] |
44 | Spinal | C- section |
FAW on lower extremities + warm IV fluids |
Cotton blankets | Temporal artery & bladder |
<36 °C | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Fallis et al. (2006)[24] |
62 | Spinal | C- section |
FAW on upper body + warm IV fluids |
Warm cotton blankets + warm IV fluids |
Oral | |||
|
| |||||||||
| Grant et al. (2015)[25] |
484 | Spinal, CSE, general: n=17 |
C- section |
Underbody conductive heat mat + warm blanket + reflective cap + warm IV & irrigation fluids |
Warm blanket + reflective cap + warm IV & irrigation fluids |
Oral & bladder |
<36°C | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Horn et al. (2002)[27] |
30 | Epidural | C- section |
FAW on upper body with 15- minute pre-op warming on full body + IV warm fluids |
Cotton blanket + IV warm fluids |
Tympani c & skin |
|||
|
| |||||||||
| Horn et al. (2014)[28] |
40 | Spinal | C- section |
FAW on upper body |
Warm blankets | Oral & skin |
<36°C | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Paris et al. (2014)[34] |
226 | Spinal | C- section |
Underbody conductive heat mat with pre-op warming |
Warm IV fluids |
Warm Blanket s |
Oral & bladder |
<36°C | |
|
| |||||||||
| Salazar et al. (2011)[23] |
150 | Spinal | TKA | FAW with 30- minute pre-op warming + warm IV fluids |
Cotton sheet | Tympani c & axillary |
<36°C, <35°C, <34°C |
||
|
| |||||||||
| PASSIVE WARMING VS. PASSIVE WARMING (n=3 not included in meta-analysis) | |||||||||
|
Author/Ye ar |
Sampl e Size |
Anesthes ia |
Surgery |
Intraoperative Comparisons (+ prewarming if specified) |
Outcome Measurement |
||||
| Temp Site |
Hypothermi a |
||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Dyer & Heathcote (1986)[41] |
94 | Spinal | TURP | Reflecti ve blanket + warm irrigatio n solution |
Reflecti ve blanket on full body pre-op & upper body intra-op |
Warm irrigatio n solution |
Cotton blanke t |
Oral | |
|
| |||||||||
| Hindsholm et al. (1992)[42] |
30 | CSE | THA | Reflective blanket + 3 cotton blankets + warm IV fluids |
3 cotton blankets + warm IV fluids |
Tympani c, skin, & rectal |
|||
|
| |||||||||
| Hirvonen & Niskanen (2011)[21] |
39 | Spinal | TURP | Reflective suit with 60-minute pre-op warming + warm IV & irrigation fluids |
Cotton clothing + IV & irrigation warm fluids |
Oral | <35°C or report of feeling cold |
||
|
| |||||||||
| ACTIVE WARMING VS. ACTIVE WARMING (n=8 not included in meta-analysis) | |||||||||
|
Author/Ye ar |
Sampl e Size |
Anesthes ia |
Surgery |
Intraoperative Comparisons (+ prewarming if specified) |
Outcome Measurement |
||||
| Temp Site |
Hypothermi a |
||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Casati et al. (1999b)[32] |
48 | CSE | THA | FAW on upper body | FAW on non- operative leg |
Bladder | <36°C | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Fanelli et al. (2009)[26] |
56 | Spinal | THA | FAW on upper body + warm IV fluids |
Underbody conductive heat mat + warm IV fluids |
Tympani c |
|||
|
| |||||||||
| Jo et al. (2015)[43] |
49 | Spinal | TURP | Circulating water mattress with 20- minute pre-op FAW |
Circulating water mattress |
Tympani c |
<36°C | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Kim et al. (2014)[44] |
46 | Spinal | TKA | FAW on upper body + warm IV fluids |
Circulating water mattress + warm IV fluids |
Tympani c & rectal |
|||
|
| |||||||||
| Koeter et al. (2013)[45] |
58 | Spinal, general: n=18 |
THA or TKA |
FAW on upper body + reflective blanket during transport |
FAW on upper body |
Tympani c |
<36°C | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Ng et al. (2006)[30] |
60 | CSE | TKA | FAW on upper body + warm IV fluids |
Underbody conductive heat mat + warm IV fluids |
Tympani c & rectal |
<36°C | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Torrie et al. (2005)[31] |
60 | Spinal | TURP | FAW on upper body + warm IV & irrigation fluids |
Radiant warmer directed at palm + warm IV & irrigation fluids |
Oral & rectal |
<36°C | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Winkler et al. (2000)[46] |
150 | Spinal | THA | Conventional FAW on full body + warm IV fluids |
Titrated FAW on full body + warm IV fluids |
Tympani c, skin, & bladder |
<36°C | ||
|
| |||||||||
|
ACTIVE WARMING VS. ACTIVE WARMING VS. PASSIVE WARMING (n=2 not included in meta- analysis) | |||||||||
|
Author/Ye ar |
Sampl e Size |
Anesthes ia |
Surgery |
Intraoperative Comparisons (+ prewarming if specified) |
Outcome Measurement |
||||
| Temp Site |
Hypothermi a |
||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Vanni et al. (2007)[38] |
30 | Spinal | Lower abdomin al |
FAW on upper body + 45- minute pre-op FAW on full body |
FAW on upper body |
2 Cotton blankets |
Tympani c & skin |
<36°C | |
|
| |||||||||
| Yamakage et al. (1995)[29] |
21 | Spinal | Lower abdomin al or lower limb |
FAW on upper body + warm IV fluids |
FAW on lower body + warm IV fluids |
Cotton blanket + warm IV fluids |
Tympani c |
||
CSE: Combined Spinal-Epidural; FAW: Forced Air Warming; THA: Total Hip Arthroplasty; TKA: Total Knee Arthroplasty; TURP: Transurethral Resection of the Prostate