Table 2. Sociodemographic characteristics and unadjusted measures of wellbeing by study area and time point.
| Variable | Longitudinal cohort (n = 365) | Repeat cross-sectional sample (T1 n = 980; T2 n = 978) | Full T2 sample (n = 1343) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2 | T1 | T2 | T2 | ||||||
| n | mean (SD) | n | mean (SD) | n | mean (SD) | n | mean (SD) | n | mean (SD) | |
| Age (years) | ||||||||||
| Total | 360 | 50.4 (13.6) | 363 | 58.5 (13.6) | 962 | 48.8 (18.3) | 970 | 52.6 (16.5)** | 1333 | 54.2 (16.0) |
| North | 124 | 49.0 (13.3) | 126 | 57.3 (13.4) | 333 | 49.7 (18.2) | 337 | 54.6 (16.0) | 463 | 55.3 (15.4) |
| East | 111 | 51.3 (13.3) | 112 | 59.4 (13.3) | 317 | 48.5 (18.7) | 329 | 51.8 (17.0) | 441 | 53.7 (16.4) |
| South | 125 | 51.0 (14.1) | 125 | 59.0 (14.1) | 312 | 48.1 (17.8) | 304 | 51.2 (16.4) | 429 | 53.5 (16.1) |
| % male | ||||||||||
| Total | 361 | 43.5 | 363 | 44.4 | 970 | 37.1 | 972 | 42.8 | 1335 | 43.2 |
| North | 125 | 37.6 | 126 | 38.9 | 337 | 36.2 | 337 | 43.3 | 463 | 42.1 |
| East | 111 | 44.1 | 112 | 44.6 | 318 | 34.0 | 331 | 40.2 | 443 | 41.3 |
| South | 125 | 48.8 | 125 | 49.6 | 315 | 41.3 | 304 | 45.1 | 429 | 46.4 |
| % home ownership | ||||||||||
| Total | 360 | 61.1 | 363 | 62.5 | 965 | 47.9 | 971 | 49.6 | 1334 | 53.2 |
| North | 125 | 60.8 | 126 | 62.7 | 337 | 46.3 | 336 | 50.3 | 462 | 53.7 |
| East | 111 | 61.3 | 112 | 62.5 | 313 | 51.1 | 331 | 48.6 | 443 | 52.1 |
| South | 124 | 61.3 | 125 | 62.4 | 315 | 46.4 | 304 | 50.0 | 429 | 53.6 |
| % car ownership | ||||||||||
| Total | 361 | 58.5 | 362 | 60.5 | 951 | 48.8 | 969 | 53.4 | 1331 | 55.3 |
| North | 125 | 61.6 | 126 | 65.9 | 332 | 49.4 | 336 | 54.8 | 462 | 57.8 |
| East | 111 | 52.3 | 112 | 55.4 | 312 | 49.4 | 329 | 52.3 | 441 | 53.1 |
| South | 125 | 60.8 | 124 | 59.7 | 307 | 47.6 | 304 | 53.0 | 428 | 54.9 |
| % working* | ||||||||||
| Total | 359 | 58.5 | 364 | 48.1 | 961 | 48.3 | 972 | 48.3 | 1336 | 48.2 |
| North | 125 | 60.8 | 127 | 50.4 | 333 | 47.2 | 338 | 44.4 | 465 | 46.0 |
| East | 110 | 54.6 | 112 | 46.4 | 315 | 48.9 | 330 | 49.7 | 442 | 48.9 |
| South | 124 | 59.7 | 125 | 47.2 | 313 | 48.9 | 304 | 51.0 | 429 | 49.9 |
| % with chronic condition | ||||||||||
| Total | 360 | 38.9 | 361 | 47.9 | 955 | 39.0 | 964 | 43.9 | 1325 | 45.0 |
| North | 126 | 34.9 | 125 | 49.6 | 329 | 38.0 | 334 | 45.8 | 459 | 46.8 |
| East | 110 | 45.5 | 112 | 52.7 | 310 | 41.0 | 329 | 44.1 | 441 | 46.3 |
| South | 124 | 37.1 | 124 | 41.9 | 316 | 38.0 | 301 | 41.5 | 425 | 41.7 |
| % perceived financial strain | ||||||||||
| Total | 361 | 361 | 955 | 950 | 1311 | |||||
| Quite comfortably off | 11.9 | 12.5 | 4.9 | 5.2** | 7.2** | |||||
| Can manage without difficulty | 20.2 | 24.4 | 24.0 | 20.5 | 21.6 | |||||
| Have to be careful with money | 52.9 | 47.1 | 51.9 | 52.4 | 51.0 | |||||
| Find it a strain to get by | 15.0 | 16.1 | 19.2 | 21.9 | 20.3 | |||||
| North | 125 | 126 | 328 | 332 | 458 | |||||
| Quite comfortably off | 12.8 | 11.1 | 5.2 | 3.6 | 5.7 | |||||
| Can manage without difficulty | 23.2 | 27.8 | 20.4 | 20.5 | 22.5 | |||||
| Have to be careful with money | 47.2 | 42.1 | 54.9 | 57.5 | 53.3 | |||||
| Find it a strain to get by | 16.8 | 19.1 | 19.5 | 18.4 | 18.6 | |||||
| East | 110 | 111 | 315 | 322 | 433 | |||||
| Quite comfortably off | 9.1 | 9.0 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 5.3 | |||||
| Can manage without difficulty | 13.6 | 21.6 | 25.7 | 18.9 | 19.6 | |||||
| Have to be careful with money | 59.1 | 52.3 | 51.4 | 52.5 | 52.4 | |||||
| Find it a strain to get by | 18.2 | 17.1 | 19.1 | 24.5 | 22.6 | |||||
| South | 126 | 124 | 312 | 296 | 420 | |||||
| Quite comfortably off | 13.5 | 16.9 | 5.8 | 8.1 | 10.7 | |||||
| Can manage without difficulty | 23.0 | 23.4 | 26.0 | 22.3 | 22.6 | |||||
| Have to be careful with money | 53.2 | 47.6 | 49.4 | 46.6 | 46.9 | |||||
| Find it a strain to get by | 10.3 | 12.1 | 18.9 | 23.0 | 19.8 | |||||
| Years lived in local area | ||||||||||
| Total | 365 | 18.3 (15.3) | 362 | 24.9 (16.6) | 980 | 18.2 (18.0) | 965 | 19.0 (17.4)** | 1327 | 20.6 (17.4) |
| North | 127 | 16.9 (13.1) | 126 | 22.7 (14.1) | 338 | 18.9 (18.7) | 332 | 19.7 (16.9) | 458 | 20.5 (16.2) |
| East | 112 | 17.5 (13.5) | 110 | 24.9 (14.0) | 319 | 18.2 (16.9) | 330 | 20.7 (18.1) | 440 | 21.7 (17.2) |
| South | 126 | 20.3 (18.4) | 126 | 27.0 (20.3) | 323 | 17.3 (18.4) | 303 | 16.3 (17.1) | 429 | 19.5 (18.7) |
| SWEMWBS | ||||||||||
| Total | 1318 | 21.9 (4.1) | ||||||||
| North | 456 | 21.9 (4.0) | ||||||||
| East | 439 | 21.8 (4.1) | ||||||||
| South | 423 | 22.0 (4.1) | ||||||||
| SF-8 PCS-8 | ||||||||||
| Total | 352 | 47.4 (11.0) | 360 | 45.9 (11.7) | 935 | 46.8 (11.8) | 960 | 45.3 (12.1) | ||
| North | 125 | 47.5 (10.8) | 126 | 46.2 (11.2) | 323 | 46.7 (11.7) | 333 | 44.9 (12.5) | ||
| East | 105 | 46.7 (11.1) | 111 | 44.7 (12.0) | 307 | 46.7 (11.6) | 327 | 45.0 (11.9) | ||
| South | 122 | 47.7 (11.2) | 123 | 46.7 (11.9) | 305 | 47.0 (12.1) | 300 | 46.2 (12.1) | ||
| SF-8 MCS-8 | ||||||||||
| Total | 352 | 45.5 (11.1) | 360 | 46.4 (11.1) | 935 | 43.8 (11.6) | 960 | 44.4 (12.1) | ||
| North | 125 | 45.2 (11.6) | 126 | 45.7 (11.9) | 323 | 44.3 (11.6) | 333 | 45.1 (11.7) | ||
| East | 105 | 44.7 (10.6) | 111 | 46.4 (9.7) | 307 | 43.2 (11.7) | 327 | 44.0 (12.7) | ||
| South | 122 | 46.4 (11.1) | 123 | 47.1 (11.5) | 305 | 43.9 (11.6) | 300 | 44.1 (11.8) | ||
n–number; T–time point; SD–standard deviation; SF-8 MCS-8 –SF-8 mental component score; SF-8 PCS-8 –SF-8 physical component score; SWEMWBS–Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (short version). North–study area containing no motorway infrastructure; East–study area containing existing M8 motorway; South–study area containing new M74 motorway
*In paid employment (full or part-time), full-time student, or undertaking voluntary work
**Significant difference between study areas within the same time point and study sample (p<0.05)