Table 2.
Current use of herbicides and plant growth regulators and odds ratios for allergic and non-allergic wheeze among 22,134 male participants in the Agricultural Health Study, 2005–2010.
| Chemical name and group | Controls (n = 16,885) | Allergic wheeze (n = 1,310) | Non-allergic wheeze (n = 3,939) | p-Value contrast* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Current users % | Current users % | OR (95% CI) | Current users % | OR (95% CI) | ||
| Acetic acid herbicide | ||||||
| Clopyralid/flumetsulam | 5 | 5 | 1.12 (0.86, 1.45) | 7 | 1.33 (1.16, 1.54) | |
| Dicamba | 12 | 13 | 1.28 (1.04, 1.58) | 15 | 1.29 (1.14, 1.45) | |
| Picloram | 11 | 12 | 1.28 (1.06, 1.56) | 13 | 1.21 (1.09, 1.36) | |
| Amide | ||||||
| Dimethenamid | 3 | 3 | 0.91 (0.63, 1.30) | 4 | 1.14 (0.94, 1.37) | |
| Fomesafen | 3 | 3 | 0.98 (0.68, 1.43) | 3 | 1.17 (0.96, 1.43) | |
| Anilide | ||||||
| Sulfentrazone | 2 | 2 | 0.76 (0.49, 1.17) | 2 | 0.92 (0.71, 1.20) | |
| Benzoylcyclohexadione | ||||||
| Mesotrione | 9 | 10 | 1.17 (0.95, 1.45) | 11 | 1.16 (1.03, 1.31) | |
| Chloracetanilide herbicide | ||||||
| Acetochlor | 11 | 10 | 1.00 (0.81, 1.23) | 14 | 1.24 (1.11, 1.39) | |
| Alachlor | 2 | 2 | 1.02 (0.68, 1.54) | 2 | 1.25 (0.99, 1.58) | |
| Metoachlor | 11 | 12 | 1.12 (0.91, 1.37) | 13 | 1.14 (1.01, 1.28) | |
| Cyclohexene oxime | ||||||
| Clethodim | 2 | 2 | 1.12 (0.76, 1.66) | 2 | 1.00 (0.79, 1.26) | |
| Sethoxydim | 2 | 3 | 1.18 (0.81, 1.74) | 2 | 0.80 (0.60, 1.05) | 0.076 |
| Dicarboximide | ||||||
| Flumioxazin | 1 | 1 | 1.01 (0.54, 1.91) | 1 | 1.03 (0.71, 1.50) | |
| Dinitroaniline | ||||||
| Pendimethalin | 6 | 7 | 1.07 (0.84, 1.36) | 7 | 1.05 (0.91, 1.22) | |
| Trifluralin | 7 | 9 | 1.54 (1.22, 1.94) | 9 | 1.24 (1.08, 1.43) | 0.089 |
| Imidazolinone | ||||||
| Imazapyr | 1 | 1 | 0.60 (0.27, 1.33) | 1 | 0.92 (0.62, 1.36) | |
| Imazaquin | 2 | 2 | 1.39 (0.95, 2.05) | 3 | 1.37 (1.09, 1.71) | |
| Imazethapyr | 4 | 3 | 1.15 (0.81, 1.62) | 4 | 1.09 (0.90, 1.32) | |
| Nitrile | ||||||
| Bromoxynil | 3 | 3 | 1.31 (0.93, 1.85) | 3 | 1.12 (0.92, 1.37) | |
| Nitrophenyl ether | ||||||
| Acifluorfen | 1 | 2 | 1.49 (0.97, 2.28) | 2 | 1.14 (0.85, 1.54) | |
| Lactofen | 1 | 1 | 1.53 (0.85, 2.75) | 1 | 1.36 (0.95, 1.97) | |
| Organophosphorous | ||||||
| Glufosinate ammonium | 7 | 7 | 1.05 (0.82, 1.33) | 9 | 1.11 (0.97, 1.27) | |
| Glyphosate | 56 | 62 | 1.56 (1.19, 2.03) | 61 | 1.24 (1.07, 1.44) | 0.120 |
| Oxazole | ||||||
| Isoxaflutole | 4 | 4 | 0.80 (0.58, 1.11) | 5 | 0.97 (0.82, 1.15) | |
| Plant growth regulator | ||||||
| Flumetralin | 1 | 1 | 0.89 (0.52, 1.53) | 1 | 0.93 (0.64, 1.35) | |
| Maleic hydrazide | 2 | 2 | 0.93 (0.62, 1.40) | 2 | 0.89 (0.66, 1.20) | |
| Petroleum products | ||||||
| Fatty alcohols | 1 | 2 | 1.00 (0.61, 1.64) | 1 | 0.97 (0.69, 1.38) | |
| Petroleum distillates | 1 | 2 | 2.45 (1.50, 4.03) | 1 | 1.61 (1.15, 2.25) | 0.123 |
| Phenoxy herbicides | ||||||
| 2,4-D | 42 | 45 | 1.46 (1.19, 1.79) | 47 | 1.12 (0.99, 1.26) | 0.019 |
| Fluazifop-butyl/fenoxaprop-p-ethyl | 3 | 2 | 0.87 (0.58, 1.29) | 4 | 1.25 (1.03, 1.53) | 0.079 |
| MCPP | 0 | 0 | 0.89 (0.35, 2.29) | 1 | 1.33 (0.83, 2.14) | |
| Pyridine | ||||||
| Triclopyr | 5 | 7 | 1.40 (1.11, 1.76) | 6 | 1.16 (1.00, 1.35) | 0.157 |
| Quaternary ammonium | ||||||
| Paraquat | 3 | 4 | 1.10 (0.79, 1.55) | 2 | 0.91 (0.71, 1.16) | |
| Sulfonanilide | ||||||
| Cloransulam-methyl | 2 | 3 | 0.90 (0.62, 1.33) | 3 | 1.06 (0.85, 1.31) | |
| Triazine | ||||||
| Atrazine | 27 | 28 | 1.33 (1.09, 1.61) | 33 | 1.42 (1.26, 1.59) | |
| Simazine | 1 | 3 | 1.71 (1.17, 2.50) | 1 | 0.94 (0.68, 1.28) | 0.008 |
| Triazinone | ||||||
| Metribuzin | 1 | 2 | 1.50 (0.97, 2.30) | 2 | 1.23 (0.93, 1.62) | |
| Urea substitute herbicide | ||||||
| Chlorimuron-ethyl | 2 | 2 | 1.08 (0.72, 1.64) | 2 | 1.19 (0.93, 1.52) | |
| Diflufenzopyr | 1 | 1 | 1.28 (0.76, 2.17) | 2 | 1.31 (0.97, 1.75) | |
| Metsulfuron-methyl | 1 | 1 | 0.79 (0.43, 1.47) | 1 | 1.09 (0.78, 1.53) | |
| Nicosulfuron | 7 | 7 | 1.05 (0.83, 1.33) | 9 | 1.14 (1.00, 1.30) | |
| Rimsulfuron | 4 | 4 | 1.02 (0.75, 1.40) | 5 | 1.12 (0.94, 1.33) | |
| Thifensulfuron-methyl | 2 | 2 | 0.94 (0.59, 1.50) | 2 | 1.15 (0.88, 1.50) | |
| Other herbicides | ||||||
| Bentazon | 2 | 3 | 1.56 (1.06, 2.30) | 2 | 1.03 (0.78, 1.35) | 0.058 |
| Clomazone | 1 | 1 | 0.58 (0.33, 1.00) | 1 | 0.62 (0.43, 0.88) | |
| Note: All models adjusted for BMI, current asthma, age, smoking status, state, days applied pesticides, and days drove diesel tractors. Referent group never used that pesticide. All pesticides were classified based on http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides. Flumetsulam is a sulfonanilide herbicide. *p-Values for contrast presented for values < 0.2. | ||||||