Table 2.

Individual characteristics at treatment initiation, by criminal justice involvement^†

	No involvement (N = 17,971)	Some involvement (N = 13,688)	Total (N = 31,659)
Female*** (%)	38.7	32.1	35.8
Age at first treatment admission***(%)
<18	0.6	0.7	0.6
18–30	37.1	47.8	41.7
30–40	20.9	23.4	22.0
40–50	20.5	18.5	19.7
50+	20.9	9.6	16.0
Race/ethnicity*** (%)
White	16.9	19.5	18.0
Hispanic	68.2	66.2	67.3
Black	7.6	8.0	7.8
Other	7.3	6.2	6.9
Less than High school education*** (%)	74.1	79.2	76.3
Employed, part-time or full-time*** (%)	31.6	29.0	30.5
Homeless*** (%)	5.6	8.4	6.8
Self-referred to treatment*** (%)	91.8	77.9	85.8
Primary prescription opioids use (%)	41.5	31.3	37.1
Daily use of primary drug *** (%)	70.2	72.9	71.4
Age first used primary drug*** (%)
<16	13.6	18.0	15.5
16–30	65.9	68.1	66.9
30+	20.4	13.9	17.6
Secondary drug problem type*** (%)
None reported	59.7	52.8	56.7
Stimulants‡	1.9	2.1	2.0
Alcohol	4.3	5.2	4.7
Marijuana	12.7	18.3	15.1
Heroin	6.2	7.1	6.6
Other opiates§	15.2	14.5	14.9
Daily use of secondary drug *** (%)	13.8	15.8	14.6
Arrests prior to treatment initiation (Median [IQR])	0 [0, 2]	16 [6, 36]	3 [0, 17]
Felonies prior to treatment initiation (Median [IQR])	0 [0, 0]	6 [2, 14]	1 [0, 7]
Any court appearance prior to treatment initiation (%)	8.3	32.3	18.7
Any incarceration prior to treatment initiation (%)	6.1	25.9	14.7

^*p <0.05;

^**p <0.01;

^***p <0.001;

IQR: Interquartile range.

^†Criminal justice involvement is defined as having any criminal justice records over the study period.

^‡includes methamphetamine, crack cocaine, and powder cocaine.

^§Includes oxycodone/OxyContin, other opiates or synthetics, and non-prescribed methadone; and also includes prescription opioid users reporting use of more than one category of other opiates.