Table 1.
Summary of rs-fMRI findings in opiate addiction.
| Features of samples | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Features of opiate group | Finding | |||||||
| Study | Sample size (gender; age: mean ± sd) | Smoking habit | Educational level (mean ± sd) | Abuse duration (mean ± sd) | Abstinent duration (mean ± sd) | Treatment program | Concurrent medical patterns | |
| Xie et al., 2011 | 22 ABS (M; 33.0 ± 6.0); | - | 10.9 ± 2.4 y; | 6.6 ± 3.7 y | 8.0 ± 2.5 w | - | - | Enhanced intrinsic AMY FC network activity in bilateral THA, right insula, and IFG in the study group; Decreased anticorrelated intrinsic AMY FC network activity in left precunesus; The intrinsic AMY FC network activity was positively correlated to impulsivity in right subcallosal gyrus, insula, THA and pCC and negatively correlated in the left fusiform area. |
| 15 controls (M; 28.9 ± 7.8) | - | 9.8 ± 2.9 y | - | - | - | - | ||
| Wang et al., 2016 | 30 ABS (M; 42.4 ± 5.0); | - | 11.1 ± 2.1 y; | 7.7 ± 3.6 y | 33.9 ± 60.6 w | MMT (52.0 ± 29.4 mg/day) | - | Lower interhemispheric FC between right insula and left inferior OFC, AMY, contralateral insula, putamen and caudate, and lower interhemispheric FC between left insula and right inferior OFC, AMY, contralateral insula, putamen, caudate and rolandic operculum. |
| 30 controls (M; 41.5 ± 5.2) | - | 11.5 ± 1.5 y | - | - | - | - | ||
| Liu et al., 2009 | 12 ABS (M; 41 ± 5.6); | Yes | 8.2 ± 1.8 y; | 16.0 ± 3.5 y | 25.7 ± 45.4 w | - | - | Stronger connectivity in the PFC (dorsolateral of superior frontal gyrus, orbit part of IFG), aCC, SMA, ventral striatum, insula, AMY and HIPP. |
| 12 ABS (M; 35.4 ± 7.1) | - | 9.1 ± 2.8 y | - | - | - | - | ||
| Ma et al., 2010, 2011 | 14 ABS (M; 30.1 ± 5.3 y); | Yes | 7.1 ± 2.8 y | 9.7 ± 2.7 y; | 5.6 ± 9.4 w | Mixed groups (12 ABS under MMT) | - | Increased FC in right HIPP; Decreased FC in right dorsal aCC and left caudate; Alterations in FC strength in the mesocorticolimbic system (i.e., increased FC between NAc and ventral and rostral aCC, between NAc and OFC, and between AMY and OFC; and decreased FC between PFC and OFC, and between PFC and aCC). |
| 13 controls (M; 29.8 ± 7.2 y) | Yes | 10.8 ± 1.6 y | - | - | - | - | ||
| Yuan et al., 2010 | 11 ABS (M; 37.2 ± 7.3 y); | - | 9.8 ± 2.5 y; | 7.5 ± 4.6 y | 21.0 ± 3.4 w | MMT (32.2 ± 18.7 mg/day) | - | Alternation in the rostral aCC network (i.e., reduced FC between rostral aCC and the regions of left OFC, dorsolateral PFC and right middle temporal lobe; reduced FC between precuneus and the regions of the right cerebellum and left dorsolateral PFC); The abuse duration was negatively correlated with the altered rostral aCC network but positively correlated with the degree in the right paraHiPP, left putamen and bilateral cerebellum and yet negatively correlated with the path length in these regions. |
| 11 controls (M; 36.8 ± 7.4 y) | - | 9.1 ± 3.2 y | - | - | - | - | ||
| Zhang et al., 2011 | 12 ABS (M; 32.7 ± 7.3); | - | 9.8 ± 2.5 y; | 7.5 ± 4.6 y | 147 ± 24 d | MMT (34.2 ± 18.7 mg/day) | - | Significant discrepancy in activation patterns mPFC, OFC, aCC, HIPP, AMY, caudate, putamen, posterior insula and THA between groups. |
| 13 controls (M; 36.8 ± 7.4) | - | 9.1 ± 3.2 y | - | - | - | - | ||
| Zhai et al., 2015 | 22 ABS (M; 33.1 ± 6.1); | - | 10.9 ± 2.4 y; | 6.6 ± 3.7 y | 56.1 ± 17.5 d | - | - | Stronger network connectivity for the reward system involving in mesocorticolimbic pathway; Weaker network connectivity for executive control system, such as dorsolateral PFC. |
| 15 controls (M; 28.9 ± 8.1) | - | 9.6 ± 0.2 y | - | - | - | - | ||
rs, resting state; sd, standard deviation; ABS, opiate abstinent subjects; M, male; X, both genders; y, year; d, day; w, week; MMT, methadone maintenance treatment; FC, functional connectivity; m, medial; p, posterior; a, anterior; PFC, prefrontal cortex; AMY, amygdala; OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; CC, cingulate cortex; IFG, inferior frontal gyrus; HIPP, hippocampus; THA, thalamus; SMA, supplementary motor area; NAc, nucleus accumbens.