Table 2.
Summary of rs-EEG neuroimaging findings in opiate addiction.
| Features of samples | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Features of opiate group | ||||||||
| Study | Sample size (gender; age: mean ± sd) | Smoking habit | Educational level (mean ± sd) | Abuse duration (mean ± sd) | Abstinent duration (mean ± sd) | Treatment program | Concurrent medical patterns | Finding |
| Fingelkurts et al., 2006a,b | 22 ABS (X; 33.0 ± 5.5); | - | - | 11.0 ± 5 y | 2 w | - | Poly-substance dependence; personality disorder | Increase of local FC and decrease of remote FC (beta, alpha); Temporal and occipital FC in the posterior was not correlated with duration of addiction; In temporal region the composition of brain oscillations percentage and periods of beta activity increased; In occipital, parietal, temporal, and frontal regions the alpha activity increased but the theta activity decreased. |
| 14 controls (X; 33.0 ± 5.0); | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| Fingelkurts et al., 2007 | 13 ABS (X; 32.0 ± 5.5); | - | - | 10.7 ± 6.4 y | 2 w | - | Poly-substance dependence; personality disorder | Increased local and remote FC for alpha and beta bands; Increased severity of withdrawal symptoms showed correlation with the percentage of theta-beta and beta bands. |
| 14 controls (X; 33.0 ± 5.0); | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| Fingelkurts et al., 2009 | 6 ABS (X; 33.0 ± 5.0); | - | - | 11.0 ± 7.0 y | 11.0 ± 6.0 m | MMT | Poly-substance dependence; personality disorder | Amplitude for increased alpha and increased beta bands in Frontal, Temporal, right parietal (decreased beta), and midline occipital cortex (decreased alpha); Increase of local rsFC and decrease of remote FC (beta, alpha); Temporal and occipital FC in the posterior was not correlated with duration of addiction. |
| 14 controls (X; 33.0 ± 5.0); | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| Gorricho and Usón, 2008 | 15 ABS (X; 38.9 ± 5.1); | - | - (between primary and secondary education) | 16.2 ± 5.2 y | 59 ± 33 m | MMT (69.3 ± 17.0 mg/day) | Poly-substance dependence | Abusers underwent MMT showed a decrease in alpha activity and an increase in slow-wave activity (delta and theta bands), suggesting cognitive dysfunction in MMT subjects. |
| Franken et al., 2004 | 18 ABS (M; 32.4 ± 5.9) | - | - (between lower and higher education) |
9.0 ± 6.3 y | 2 w | MMT (10 ABS) | Poly-substance dependence | The measured EEG power and coherence showed increase in beta2 and gamma bands; In the temporal region the beta2 and delta coherence showed correlation with chronic heroin-related thoughts; In the frontal region the alpha1 and the temporal delta coherence showed correlation with chronic heroin craving. |
| 12 controls (M; 32 ± 9.5) | - | Unmatched (between lower and higher education) |
- | - | - | - | ||
rs, resting state; sd, standard deviation; ABS, opiate abstinent subjects; M, male; X, both genders; y, year; d, day; w, week; m, month; MMT, methadone maintenance treatment; FC, functional connectivity.