Table 1.

Translation enhancers known in RNA plant viruses.

Type	Virus	Family	5′/3′ structures	Genome localization	Type of 3′-CITE	RNA secondary structure	eIFs/Other	18S RNA complementarity	References
IRES	TEV	Potyviridae	VPg/poly(A)	5′-UTR		Two pseudoknotsa	eIF4G	✔	Zeenko and Gallie, 2005; Ray et al., 2006
	PVY	Potyviridae	VPg/poly(A)			Two stem-loopsb			Yang et al., 1997
	TuMV	Potyviridae	VPg/poly(A)			Stem-loopb	RPS6		Basso et al., 1994; Yang et al., 2009
	TriMV	Potyviridae	VPg/poly(A)			Two stem-loopsa	eIF4G/eIFiso4G		Roberts et al., 2015, 2017
	BRV	Secoviridae	VPg/poly(A)			Stem-loopb			Karetnikov and Lehto, 2007
IRES	PRLV	Luteoviridae	5′pppN/-OH	Intergenic region		Bulge stem-loopb			Jaag et al., 2003
	HCRSV	Tombusviridae	5′pppN/-OH			Bulge stem-loopb			Koh et al., 2003
	PFBV	Tombusviridae	5′pppN/-OH			Bulge stem-loopb			Fernández-Miragall and Hernández, 2011
	TCV	Tombusviridae	5′pppN/-OH			Bulge stem-loopb			May et al., 2017
	crTMV	Virgaviridae	m7GpppN/TLS			None			Dorokhov et al., 2002
TLS	TYMV	Tymoviridae	m7GpppN/TLS	3′-UTR		tRNA-likea	eEF1a/ 40S		Matsuda et al., 2004; Colussi et al., 2015
	BMV	Bromoviridae	m7GpppN/TLS						Barends et al., 2004
CPB	AMV	Bromoviridae	m7GpppN/-OH	3′-UTR		Six stem-loopsb	CP/eIF4G/iso4G		Neeleman et al., 2004; Krab et al., 2005
3′CITE	STNV	Tombusviridae	5′pppN/-OH	3′-UTR	TED	Long stem-loopa	eIF4F/iso4F		Meulewaeter et al., 1998; Gazo et al., 2004
	PLPV	Tombusviridae	5′pppN/-OH		TED	Long stem-loopa			Blanco-Pérez et al., 2016
	MNSV	Tombusviridae	5′pppN/-OH		ISS	Stem-loopa	eIF4F		Truniger et al., 2008; Miras et al., 2016
	MNeSV	Tombusviridae	5′pppN/-OH		ISS	Stem-loopa	eIF4F		Nicholson et al., 2010
	MNSV-N	Tombusviridae	5′pppN/-OH		CXTE	Two helices protruding central huba	eIF4E independent		Miras et al., 2014
	BYDV	Luteoviridae	5′pppN/-OH		BTE	Basal helix plus 3 helicesa	eIF4G/40S	✔	Treder et al., 2008; Sharma et al., 2015
	RSDaV	Luteoviridae	5′pppN/-OH		BTE	Complex BTE structurea	eIF4G	✔	Wang et al., 2010
	RCNMV	Tombusviridae	5′pppN/-OH		BTE	Basal helix plus 5 helicesa	eIF4G	✔	Wang et al., 2010
	TNV-D	Tombusviridae	5′pppN/-OH		BTE	Basal helix plus 2 helices	eIF4G	✔	Shen and Miller, 2004
	TBTV	Tombusviridae	5′pppN/-OH		BTE	Basal helix plus 2 helicesa	eIF4G	✔	Wang et al., 2010
	TBSV	Tombusviridae	5′pppN/-OH		YSS	Three helicesa			Fabian and White, 2004
	CIRV	Tombusviridae	5′pppN/-OH		YSS	Three helicesa	eIF4F/eIFiso4F		Nicholson et al., 2013
	PEMV2	Tombusviridae	5′pppN/-OH		PTE	Pseudoknota	eIF4E		Wang et al., 2009b, 2011
	PMV	Tombusviridae	5′pppN/-OH		PTE	Pseudoknota			Batten et al., 2006
	SCV	Tombusviridae	5′pppN/-OH		PTE	Pseudoknota			Chattopadhyay et al., 2011
	TCV	Tombusviridae	5′pppN/-OH		TSS	tRNA-likea	60S		Stupina et al., 2008; Zuo et al., 2010
	PEMV2	Tombusviridae	5′pppN/-OH		TSS	tRNA-likea	40S/60S		Gao et al., 2013, 2014
	BRV	Secoviridae	VPg/poly(A)		–	Pseudoknotb		✔	Karetnikov et al., 2006

^aSolution probed RNA secondary structure.

^bPredicted RNA secondary structure.