(a–c) Surviving BALB/c and Stat6−/− mice undergoing CLP and antibiotic treatment were challenged with L. pneumophila or killed 15 days after CLP. (a) Survival curves after challenge (n=25 mice for naive group and n=30 mice for CLP group per genotype). (b) Bacterial load in lungs and spleen 24 h after challenge (n≥5 mice per group). (c) IL-4, IL-13 and IL-33 concentrations in the lungs after CLP determined by ELISA (n≥3 mice per group). (d–f) BALB/c and Stat6−/− mice were treated i.n. with IL-33 (3 μg per mouse per day) or PBS for 4 consecutive days, and challenged 2 days later with L. pneumophila. (d) IL-4 and IL-13 concentrations in lung tissue 48 h after challenge (n≥3 mice per group). (e) Survival curves of mice after challenge (n=10 mice per genotype). (f) Bacterial load in the lungs 48 h after challenge (n=5 mice per group). *P<0.05 (Mantel–Cox log-rank test in a,e, Mann–Whitney U test in b,f and two-tailed unpaired Student's t-test in c,d). Data are representative of two (d) or three (b,c,f) independent experiments; or pooled from two (e) or five (a) independent experiments (median in b,f and mean±s.e.m. in c,d).