Table 1.
Literature review of giant cell arteritis with tongue necrosis.
| Author | Ref. | Age/Sex | ESR | Associated symptoms | Treatment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mumoli (2015) | [16] | 77/F | No | Pain in the scapular cingulum, pain and swelling in both the wrists, transient reduction in visual acuity and headache | Steroids |
| Zaragoza (2015) | [8] | 68/F | 55 | Moderate headache and swelling of the neck | High dose corticosteroids at 1 mg/kg |
| Lobato-Berezo (2014) | [17] | 74/F | No | Fatigue, anorexia, jaw pain and headache, with ptosis and blurred vision in her left eye | Pulse with methylprednisolone and oral prednisone 1 mg/kg/day |
| Kumar (2013) | [18] | 74/M | 132 | High-grade fever, bilateral temporoparietal headache, jaw claudication and diminished vision in both eyes | Oral prednisolone 1 mg/kg/day |
| Grant (2013) | [5] | 79/F | 68 | Sudden complete visual loss in the left eye and generalized ongoing headache | Oral prednisolone 60 mg/day and pulse with 500 mg methylprednisolone for three days |
| Kumarasinghe (2012) | [19] | 74/F | 103 | Vague history of mild headaches and jaw pain on chewing | Oral prednisolone 40 mg/day |
| Husein-ElAhmed (2012) | [20] | 76/F | 87 | Generalised weakness | Oral prednisone |
| Zadik (2011) | [1] | 78/F | 69 | Pain of the right head, neck, face, and shoulder, fatigue, visual blurring and weight loss | Prednisone 60 mg/day |
| Jennings (2011) | [21] | 79/F | 75 | Fatigue, bilateral occipital neck pain and jaw claudication | Steroid treatment |
| Olivera (2010) | [4] | 74/F | 83 | Headache, anorexia, weakness and jaw claudication | Oral methylprednisolone 1 mg/kg |
| Brodmann (2009) Case 1 | [7] | 81/M | 52 | Chronic fatigue | Glucocorticoid therapy |
| Brodmann (2009) Case 2 | [7] | 79/F | 70 | Sudden visual loss at the right eye, temporal headache and jaw claudication | High-dose steroid therapy |
| Zimmermann (2008) | [22] | 81/F | 69 | Bitemporal headache, jaw claudication and mild limb-girdle symptoms | High-dose intravenous hydrocortisone |
| Schurr (2008) | [10] | 66/F | 120 | Slow speech and a worsening dysphagia | Intravenous prednisone 500 mg for 3 days, then reduced dose of 100 mg |
| Sainuddin (2008) | [9] | 88/F | 78 | Generalized weakness | Prednisone 40 mg/day |
| Kusanale (2008) | [23] | 86/F | 25 | No information | Steroids |
| Ciantar (2008) | [12] | 74/F | 79 | Neck pain | Methylprednisolone 1 g IV for 3 days, prednisolone 60 mg/day and methotrexate 12.5 mg weekly |
| Goicochea (2007) Case 1 | [11] | 77/F | 40 | Asthenia, fever, right temporal headache, and hemifacial pain | Methylprednisolone 1 g IV, cyclophosphamide IV and prednisone 80 mg/day |
| Goicochea (2007) Case 2 | [11] | 73/F | 42 | Frontotemporal headache, arthralgias and lost vision in right eye | Methylprednisolone 1 g IV for 3 days and prednisone 80 mg/day |
| Goicochea (2007) Case 3 | [11] | 78/F | 125 | Headache, left eye visual loss, diplopia, fever and swelling | Methylprednisolone 500 mg IV for 3 days and 60 mg/day orally |
| Lethert (2007) | [24] | 77/F | 68 | Head, neck and jaw pain, fever, slurred speech and difficulty chewing. | Corticosteroids |
| Biebl (2004) | [6] | 79/F | 78 | Visual reduction on the left eye, abdominal pain with multiple segmental small bowel necrosis | Prednisolone and azathioprine (100 mg/day each) |
| García (2003) | [25] | 83/F | 67 | Fever, limb-girdle symptoms, occasional headache | Corticosteroids and methotrexate |
| Rockey (2002) | [2] | 71/F | 125 | Headache, vasculitic rash in buttocks and ischemia over the distal phalanx of thumb and fifth metatarsals bilaterally | High-dose steroid therapy |
| Hellmann (2002) | [3] | 79/F | 115 | Fatigue, cough, toothache and visual loss | Methylprednisolone IV in high doses and prednisone 60 mg/day |
Ref: reference; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; M: male; F: female.