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. 2017 Mar 10;6(3):e133. doi: 10.1038/cti.2017.6

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Copyright © 2017 The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

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Factors affecting microbiome in early life and adulthood. Host microbiome in both early and adult life is affected by various factors. Preterm (during gestation) determinants of microbiome include maternal BMI and pharmacotherapy, whereas post-term factors such as mode of delivery, duration of breastfeeding, day-care attendance and diet (throughout life) significantly influence the microbiota composition. Environmental factors, for example, exposure to cigarette smoke/air pollution/allergens, respiratory infections as well as host-associated factors such as age, gender, BMI and onset of chronic diseases could result in ‘dysbiosis'.