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. 2017 Mar 10;6(3):e133. doi: 10.1038/cti.2017.6

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Copyright © 2017 The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

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Roles of commensal bacteria and/or their components/metabolites in regulation of host immunity. Commensal bacteria induce the lysozyme production by Paneth cells that reduces the colonisation of pathogenic bacteria via NOD2 sensing. Moreover, these beneficial bacteria ferment dietary fibres to produce SCFAs, which then promotes the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-21) by immune cells. Murein lipoprotein (MLP), a Gram-negative commensal bacterial cell wall component, can induce production of IgG, which primes macrophages and dendritic cells to remove antigens/pathogens. B. fragilis selectively polarises macrophages into proinflammatory M1 phenotype leading to enhanced pathogen clearance/inflammation.