Figure 3.

Interaction matrix: risk factors for chronic respiratory diseases and associated pathology with microbiome. Major risk factors could lead to immune dysregulation, characteristic pathology and ‘dysbiosis'. Altered microbiome could then aggravate the host immunity and disease pathology. Notably, aberrant immune response could further skew the microbiome favoring specific pathogens typically reported in respiratory diseases, such as COPD and CF. LF, lung function.