Table 4.

Subgroup analyses of the association between TZDs and AF

Subgroup	Study	Number of studies	Heterogeneity		Meta-analysis
			I2	P-Value	OR	95% CI	p-Value
AF types	New-onset AF	4	0%	0.64	0.77	0.65–0.91	0.002
	Recurrent AF	2	0%	0.54	0.41	0.24–0.72	0.002
TZDs	Solely pioglitazone	3	54%	0.11	0.56	0.32–0.98	0.04
	Solely rosiglitazone	2	34%	0.22	0.78	0.57–1.07	0.12
Follow-up duration	≤ 5 years	4	34%	0.21	0.62	0.41–0.94	0.02
	> 5 years	3	0	0.47	0.76	0.63–0.91	0.002
Study design	RCTs	3	40%	0.10	0.77	0.53–1.12	0.17
	Observational studies	4	0%	0.41	0.71	0.59–0.85	0.0003

Abbreviations: TZDs thiazolidinediones, AF atrial fibrillation, RCTs randomized controlled trials, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval