Table 4.

Sensitivity analysis for imputation based on the MAR versus MNAR assumption high malaria prevalence strata

		Variables with no missing data	1–3 variables with missing data	4 or more variables with missing data	Mantel Haenszel estimates weighted across missing patterns (MNAR)	Model 3 - Mulitvariable model for associations with mortality on imputed data including interaction terms for malaria endemicity (MAR)
		OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Age groupa
	2_6 months and high malaria prevalence	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
	7 _11 months in high malaria prevalence	0·43(0·29–0·63)	0·48(0·27–0·86)	0·47(0·29–0·77)	0·48(0·28–0·81)	0·43(0·29–0·63)
	12_59 months in high malaria prevalence	0·37(0·27–0·5)	0·53(0·34–0·84)	0·35(0·23–0·54)	0·37(0·26–0·51)	0·37(0·27–0·50)
	7 _11 months in Low malaria prevalence	0·34(0·15–0·75)	0·54(0·17–1·68)	0·09(0·02–0·35)	0·41(0·14–1·21)	0·33(0·19–0·57)
	12_59 months in Low malaria prevalence	0·29(·14-·62)	0·59(0·21–1·72)	0·07(0·02–0·25)	0·39(0·15–1·07)	0·29(0·17–0·49)
Child sex
	Female	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
	Male	0·67(0·57–0·79)	0·7(0·56–0·88)	0·82(0·63–1·05)	0·71(0·58–0·87)	0·67(0·57–0·79)
WAZ scorea
	0 or > = 1 SD in high malaria prevalence	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
	Minus 1 SD in high malaria prevalence	1·19(0·85–1·67)	1·96(1·25–3·09)	1·54(0·91–2·58)	1·46(0·96–2·23)	1·19(0·85–1·67)
	Minus 2 SD in high malaria prevalence	1·50(1·03–2·17)	1·43(0·81–2·54)	0·89(0·47–1·7)	1·29(0·79–2·12)	1·50(1·03–2·17)
	Minus 3 SD in high malaria prevalence	3·01(2·09–4·35)	5·23(3·21–8·54)	1·76(0·95–3·25)	3·20(2·10–4·91)	3·01(2·09–4·35)
	Minus 1 SD in Low malaria prevalence	0·93(·45–1·94)	2·20(0·8–6·01)	0·29(0·07–1·18)	1·20(0·50–2·95)	1·06(0·61–1·82)
	Minus 2 SD in Low malaria prevalence	1·17(·56–2·44)	1·61(0·55–4·69)	0·17(·04–0·67)	1·18(0·50–2·83)	0·88(0·52–1·51)
	Minus 3 SD in Low malaria prevalence	2·36(1·13–4·94)	5·85(2·07–16·53)	0·33(0·08–1·33)	3·06(1·26–7·65)	2·09(1·22–3·56)
Number of comorbidities
	0	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
	1	1·08(0·86–1·37)	1·21(0·89–1·65)	0·78(0·57–1·08)	0·98(0·75–1·28)	1·08(0·86–1·37)
	2	1·27(0·98–1·64)	1·26(0·89–1·79)	0·67(0·45–0·99)	1·19(0·88–1·62)	1·27(0·98–1·64)
	> = 3	1·68(1·25–2·25)	1·22(0·78–1·89)	0·92(0·56–1·53)	1·20(0·80–1·82)	1·68(1·25–2·25)
History of fever
	No	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
	Yes	0·76(0·62–0·92)	0·79(0·6–1·05)	0·76(0·5–1·17)	0·77(0·59–1·00)	0·76(0·62–0·92)
History of diarrhoea
	No	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
	Yes	1·45(1·2–1·76)	1·05(0·8–1·39)	1·36(0·92–2)	1·32(1·02–1·71)	1·45(1·20–1·76)
convulsions
	No	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
	Yes	1·35(1·09–1·67)	1·73(1·29–2·33)	1·67(1·13–2·47)	1·53(1·15–2·06)	1·35(1·09–1·67)
Vomitting everything
	No	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
	Yes	1·03(0·86–1·24)	1·07(0·81–1·41)	1·11(0·79–1·57)	1·06(0·83–1·36)	1·03(0·86–1·24)
Indrawing
	No	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
	Yes	2·48(2·08–2·96)	2·91(2·27–3·73)	2·58(1·82–3·64)	2·61(2·07–3·31)	2·48(2·08–2·96)
Pallor
	None	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
	Some/severe	2·32(1·92–2·81)	2·22(1·71–2·87)	1·98(1·45–2·69)	2·19(1·73–2·79)	2·32(1·92–2·81)
Central cyanosis
	No	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
	Yes	3·25(1·91–5·53)	2·37(1·1–5·11)	2·3(0·52–10·21)	2·77(1·36–6·33)	3·25(1·91–5·53)
AVPU
	Alert	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
	Not alert (VPU)	3·95(3·16–4·95)	3·94(2·87–5·41)	4·42(2·53–7·73)	4·06(2·93–5·73)	3·95(3·16–4·95)
Ability to drinka
	Ability to drink no in high malaria prevalence	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
	Ability to drink yes in high malaria prevalence	0·65(0·48–0·87)	0·76(0·5–1·15)	0·58(0·33–1·01)	0·66(0·45–0·98)	0·65(0·48–0·87)
	Ability to drink yes in Low malaria prevalence	0·51(0·24–1·08)	0·85(0·31–2·34)	0·11(0·02–0·48)	0·57(0·23–1·43)	0·44(0·25–0·78)
Stiff necka
	Stiff neck no in high malaria prevalence	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
	Stiff neck yes in high malaria prevalence	3·92(2·15–7·16)	2·24(0·94–5·31)	0·81(0·28–2·31)	2·70(1·36–5·49)	3·92(2·15–7·16)
	Stiff neck yes in low malaria prevalence	3·07(1·31–7·17)	2·51(0·72–8·78)	0·15(0·03–0·76)	2·52(0·97–6·81)	1·53(0·81–2·90)
Skin pinch
	Immediate	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
	1–2 s	1·17(0·94–1·44)	1·5(1·12–2·02)	1·26(0·83–1·93)	1·29(0·99–1·69)	1·17(0·94–1·44)
	> 2 s	1·47(1·09–1·98)	2·54(1·67–3·86)	2·28(1·16–4·46)	1·96(1·25–3·15)	1·47(1·09–1·98)
Capillary refill time
	<=2 scs	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
	>3 s	1·68(1·32–2·13)	1·08(0·67–1·76)	1·41(0·85–2·32)	1·39(0·95–2·07)	1·68(1·32–2·13)
	Indeterminate	1·83(1·12–2·99)	1·01(0·43–2·35)	na	1·27(0·51–1·75)	1·83(1·12–2·99)
Sunken eyes
	No	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
	Yes	1·24(1–1·55)	0·96(0·69–1·34)	1·04(0·74–1·46)	1·11(0·84–1·47)	1·24(1·00–1·55)
Jaundice
	None	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
	Moderate/severe	1·64(1·01–2·65)	1·72(0·96–3·1)	1·78(0·97–3·27)	1·71(0·98–2·98)	1·64(1·01–2·65)
Severe wastinga
	Severe wasting no in high malaria prevalence	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
	Severe wasting yes in high malaria prevalence	2·54(1·7–3·82)	2·41(1·27–4·58)	2·39(1·23–4·62)	2·46(1·44–4·26)	2·54(1·70–3·82)
	Severe wasting yes in low malaria prevalence	2·45(1·17–5·13)	3·27(1·09–9·79)	0·32(0·08–1·27)	2·29(0·94–5·79)	1·66(0·95–2·87)
Oedema of malnutritiona
	Oedema none in high malaria prevalence	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
	Oedema mild/moderate in high malaria prevalence	3·13(1·95–5·02)	2·92(1·44–5·92)	1·66(0·67–4·13)	2·78(1·55–5·10)	3·13(1·95–5·02)
	Oedema mild/moderate in Low malaria prevalence	1·94(0·96–3·90)	2·70(0·98–7·47)	0·45(0·11–1·91)	2·02(0·88–4·81)	1·88(1·08–3·25)
Malaria endemicity
	High	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
	Low	0·78(0·43–1·42)	1·12(0·49–2·53)	0·19(0·06–0·63)	0·76(0·38–1·58)	0·78(0·43–1·42)

Model 3 stratified by number of missing variables and weighted estimates across the missing patterns (assumes MNAR) compared to pooled model 3 data (assumes MAR)

^aVariables with significant interactions with malaria endemicity