Table 2.
Associations of placental gene expression in female and male placentas with maternal urinary monoester phthalates
| β (Females) (95% CI) |
β (Males) (95% CI) |
Sex by phthalate interaction P-value |
β (Females) (95% CI) |
β (Males) (95% CI) |
Sex by phthalate interaction P-value |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CYP19A1 | AHR | |||||
| MnBPa | 0.08 | 0.19 | ||||
| Sex Q1 | ref | 1.43 (0.32, 2.54) | ref | 1.15 (0.34, 1.97) | ||
| MnBP Q1 | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||
| MnBP Q2 | 0.40 (−0.74, 1.54) | −0.66 (−1.93, 0.61) | −0.17 (−1.14, 0.80) | −1.03 (−2.04, −0.01) | ||
| MnBP Q3 | 0.22 (−1.14, 1.57) | −0.97 (−2.36, 0.42) | −0.80 (−2.02, 0.42) | −1.62 (−2.81, −0.43) | ||
| MnBP Q4 | 0.59 (−0.87, 2.05) | −1.80 (−3.90, 0.30) | −0.22 (−1.46, 1.03) | −1.69 (−3.18, −0.19) | ||
| MBzPb | 0.07 | 0.22 | ||||
| Sex Q1 | ref | 0.42 (−0.97, 1.81) | ref | 0.75 (−0.29, 1.79) | ||
| MBzP Q1 | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||
| MBzP Q2 | −0.57 (−1.66, 0.51) | 0.11 (−1.44, 1.66) | 0.16 (−1.01, 1.33) | 0.25 (−0.92, 1.41) | ||
| MBzP Q3 | 0.35 (−0.92, 1.61) | 0.31 (−1.26, 1.89) | 0.93 (−0.11, 1.97) | 0.51 (−0.66, 1.68) | ||
| MBzP Q4 | 0.96 (−0.32, 2.24) | −0.34 (−2.02, 1.34) | 1.39 (0.17, 2.61) | 0.19 (−1.03, 1.41) | ||
| MEHPc | 0.46 | 0.90 | ||||
| Sex Q1 | ref | 0.53 (−0.86, 1.92) | ref | 0.69 (−0.29, 1.66) | ||
| MEHP Q1 | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||
| MEHP Q2 | 0.25 (−1.02, 1.52) | −0.09 (−1.11, 0.94) | 0.19 (−0.89, 1.27) | −0.20 (−1.13, 0.73) | ||
| MEHP Q3 | 0.11 (−1.06, 1.28) | −0.78 (−2.00, 0.44) | −0.53 (−1.50, 0.43) | −1.02 (−2.02, −0.02) | ||
| MEHP Q4 | 0.09 (−1.35, 1.53) | 0.24 (−0.86, 1.34) | −0.12 (−1.24, 1.00 | −0.53 (−1.43, 0.38) | ||
| MEPd | 0.89 | 0.52 | ||||
| Sex Q1 | ref | 0.38 (−0.68, 1.44) | ref | 0.39 (−0.59, 1.36) | ||
| MEP Q1 | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||
| MEP Q2 | −0.14 (−1.82, 1.53) | −0.54 (−1.52, 0.45) | −0.08 (−1.38, 1.23) | −0.14 (−1.00, 0.72) | ||
| MEP Q3 | −0.22 (−1.24, 0.80) | −0.50 (−1.82, 0.82) | 0.40 (−0.63, 1.44) | −0.09 (−1.02, 0.85) | ||
| MEP Q4 | −0.22 (−1.47, 1.03) | −0.06 (−1.22, 1.10) | 0.13 (−1.07, 1.32) | 0.59 (−0.43, 1.62) | ||
| MiBPe | <0.01 | 0.04 | ||||
| Sex Q1 | ref | 1.60 (0.56, 2.64) | ref | 1.17 (0.29, 2.04) | ||
| MiBP Q1 | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||
| MiBP Q2 | 0.46 (−0.68, 1.59) | −1.12 (−2.22, −0.02) | 0.31 (−0.66, 1.29) | −0.97 (−1.90, −0.03) | ||
| MiBP Q3 | 0.91 (−0.27, 2.09) | −1.90 (−3.57, −0.23) | 0.12 (−0.96, 1.20) | −1.68 (−2.93, −0.43) | ||
| MiBP Q4 | −0.09 (−1.38, 1.21) | −1.21 (−2.51, 0.08) | −0.63 (−1.87, 0.60) | −1.17 (−2.38, 0.03) | ||
| CGA | CYP11A1 | |||||
| MnBPa | 0.01 | 0.19 | ||||
| Sex Q1 | ref | 1.95 (0.87, 3.03) | ref | 1.03 (0.39, 1.67) | ||
| MnBP Q1 | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||
| MnBP Q2 | −0.12 (−1.46, 1.22) | −1.59 (−2.87, −0.31) | −0.39 (−1.11, 0.33) | −0.91 (−1.81, −0.02) | ||
| MnBP Q3 | 0.59 (−0.75, 1.93) | -2.01 (−3.55, −0.48) | −0.23 (−1.12, 0.65) | −1.04 (−1.98, −0.10) | ||
| MnBP Q4 | 0.16 (−1.18, 1.50) | −1.60 (−3.31, 0.11) | 0.15 (−0.78, 1.08) | −0.98 (−2.03, 0.07) | ||
| MBzPb | 0.05 | 0.03 | ||||
| Sex Q1 | ref | 0.92 (−0.28, 2.11) | ref | 0.50 (−0.24, 1.24) | ||
| MBzP Q1 | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||
| MBzP Q2 | −0.43 (−1.61, 0.75) | 0.15 (−1.21, 1.50) | −0.28 (−1.00, 0.43) | 0.47 (−0.38, 1.32) | ||
| MBzP Q3 | 0.99 (−0.33, 2.30) | 0.30 (−1.01, 1.60) | 0.59 (−0.24, 1.42) | 0.54 (−0.40, 1.48) | ||
| MBzP Q4 | 0.68 (−0.67, 2.03) | −0.91 (−2.25, 0.42) | 0.96 (0.11, 1.82) | −0.05 (−0.95, 0.85) | ||
| MEHPc | 0.02 | 0.11 | ||||
| Sex Q1 | ref | 0.75 (−0.62, 2.12) | ref | 0.59 (−0.21, 1.39) | ||
| MEHP Q1 | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||
| MEHP Q2 | −0.44 (−1.80, 0.93) | −0.15 (−1.41, 1.11) | −0.32 (−1.08, 0.44) | −0.51 (−1.34, 0.32) | ||
| MEHP Q3 | 0.13 (−1.11, 1.36) | −1.48 (−2.62, −0.35) | −0.20 (−0.98, 0.58) | −1.10 (−1.91, −0.29) | ||
| MEHP Q4 | 0.00 (−1.38, 1.38) | 0.21 (−1.02, 1.45) | −0.45 (−1.35, 0.44) | −0.08 (−0.90, 0.73) | ||
| MEPd | 0.38 | 0.90 | ||||
| Sex Q1 | ref | 0.72 (−0.52, 1.95) | ref | 0.45 (−0.46, 1.36) | ||
| MEP Q1 | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||
| MEP Q2 | −0.10 (−1.61, 1.41) | −1.20 (−2.38, −0.01) | −0.13 (−1.09, 0.83) | −0.26 (−1.11, 0.59) | ||
| MEP Q3 | −0.04 (−1.23, 1.16) | −0.44 (−1.77, 0.88) | 0.17 (−0.62, 0.95) | −0.02 (−0.88, 0.84) | ||
| MEP Q4 | −0.32 (−1.52, 0.89) | 0.12 (−1.31, 1.54) | 0.38 (−0.60, 1.35) | 0.54 (−0.41, 1.49) | ||
| MiBPe | <0.01 | 0.02 | ||||
| Sex Q1 | ref | 2.09 (1.12, 3.07) | ref | 1.08 (0.44, 1.71) | ||
| MiBP Q1 | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||
| MiBP Q2 | 0.57 (−0.68, 1.82) | −1.71 (−2.94, −0.49) | 0.12 (−0.58, 0.83) | −1.02 (−1.84, −0.19) | ||
| MiBP Q3 | 0.42 (−0.81, 1.66) | −2.48 (−3.79, −1.17) | 0.01 (−0.74, 0.76) | −1.34 (−2.24, −0.45) | ||
| MiBP Q4 | −0.25 (−1.57, 1.06) | −2.08 (−3.49, −0.68) | −0.29 (−1.16, 0.59) | −0.89 (−1.90, 0.12) | ||
Loge unit change (beta coefficient, confidence interval) in placental gene expression for an increase in quartile of maternal urinary phthalate in female and male placentas
Abbreviations: MnBP Mono-n-butyl phthalate, MBzP Monobenzyl phthalate, MEHP Mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, MEP Monoethyl phthalate, MiBP Mono-iso-butyl phthalate, MCPP Mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate, CYP19A1, Cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A member 1 (Aromatase), AHR Aryl hydrocarbon receptor, CGA Chorionic gonadotropin alpha, CYP11A1 Cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1, Q1 Quartile 1, Q2 Quartile 2, Q3 Quartile 3, Q4 Quartile 4, ref referent
aMnBP models were adjusted for MBzP, MEHP, MEP. Upper quartile limits for MnBP: 95 nM/l, 174 nM/l, 357 nM/l, 1724 nM/l
bMBzP models were adjusted for MnBP, MEHP, MEP. Upper quartile limits for MBzP: 23 nM/l, 60 nM/l, 139 nM/l, 2138 nM/l
cMEHP models were adjusted for MnBP, MBzP, MEP. Upper quartile limits for MEHP: 6.1 nM/l, 21 nM/l, 47 nM/l, 744 nM/l
dMEP models were adjusted for MnBP, MBzP, MEHP. Upper quartile limits for MEP: 353 nM/l, 735 nM/l, 1708 nM/l, 31 μM/l
eMiBP models were adjusted for MBzP, MEHP, MEP. Upper quartile limits for MiBP: 27 nM/l, 52 nM/l, 95 nM/l, 1685 nM/l