Table 1.
Demographic and basic sagittal spinal alignment of the subjects (n = 136, 40 male/96 female)
| Mean | 95% Confidence intervals | Interquartile range, 25%/75% values | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 39.7 | 37.8/41.6 | 31.3/47.0 |
| Men (years) | 40.0 | 36.3/43.7 | 32.0/48.3 |
| Women (years) | 39.6 | 37.4/41.8 | 31.0/47.0 |
| BMIa | 21.4 | 20.9/21.9 | 19.5/23.1 |
| ODIb (%) | 5.1 | 4.0/6.2 | 0/8.2 |
| SRS‐22c | 4.3 | 4.3/4.4 | 4.1/4.5 |
| CBVAd (°) | 5.4 | 4.4/6.4 | 2.0/9.5 |
| SLSe (°) | 0.5 | −0.2/1.7 | −3.1/5.5 |
| McGSf (°) | 3.8 | 2.8/4.8 | −0.4/8.1 |
| CLg (°) | −3.1 | −5.0/−1.3 | −10.9/4.5 |
| T1–12 kyphosis (°) | 41.8 | 40.1/43.4 | 34.5/48.7 |
| L1–S1 LL (°) | 55.5 | 53.6/57.4 | 49.3/62.7 |
| SS (°) | 40.7 | 39.3/42.2 | 36.0/46.1 |
| PT (°) | 11.3 | 10.0/12.6 | 6.4/15.7 |
| PI (°) | 52.0 | 50.2/53.9 | 44.8/60.1 |
| PTh (cm) | 10.9 | 10.8/11.0 | 10.4/11.4 |
| SVAh (cm) | 0.0 | −0.4/0.4 | −1.6/1.6 |
| TPAi (°) | 15.4 | 14.0/16.8 | 10.4/20.3 |
| APFj (°) | 196.7 | 195.4/198.0 | 190.7/202.3 |
| KneeFlexk (°) | −1.6 | −2.3/−0.8 | −4.8/1.8 |
| AnkleFlexl (°) | 4.0 | 3.6/4.4 | 2.3/5.7 |
Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in metres (kg m−2).
The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI; Fairbank & Pynsent, 2000).
Scoliosis Research Society‐22 (SRS‐22; Asher et al. 2003).
The chin–brow vertical angle (CBVA; Lafage et al. 2016)
Slope of the line of sight (SLS; Lafage et al. 2016).
McGregor slope (McGS; Lafage et al. 2016).
C2–C7 lordosis (CL).
The offset between the vertical line through the posterior edge of the base of the sacrum and the centre of the vertebral body of C7 (positive means stooping; Roussouly et al. 2006; Schwab et al. 2013).
T1 pelvic angle. Sum of T1 inclination on the HA and PT (Protopsaltis et al. 2014).
Angle pelvi‐femoral (APF). The angle formed by the middle of the S‐1 endplate and HA, and the line between HA and the femoral axis. The range in an asymptomatic population was 191 ± 7 ° (Mangione & Senegas, 1997).
Average flexion angle of the bilateral knees. Negative number indicates extension and positive number indicates flexion.
Average angle between the line from the mid‐point of the bilateral femoral notches and that of the distal tibial joints, and the plumb line. Negative number indicates plantar flexion and positive number indicates dorsi‐flexion.
LL, lumbar lordosis; PI, pelvic incidence; PT, pelvic tilt; PTh, pelvic thickness; SS, sacral slope.