Table 4.

Design-adjusted parameter estimates for childhood adversities, types of substances used, substance use disorder, and alcohol dependence (n = 16043).

	Substance use disorder			Alcohol dependence
	Overall	Men	Women	Overall	Men	Women
Sexual abuse	.89(07)	.82*(.08)	1.24*(.12)	1.13(.09)	1.08(.10)	1.31*(.14)
Physical abuse	1.68***(.07)	1.70***(.07)	1.42***(.13)	1.31***(.06)	1.30***(.06)	1.40**(.15)
Caretaker alcohol or drugs	1.78***(.07)	1.80***(.08)	1.65***(.14)	2.01***(.09)	2.01***(.10)	2.05***(.20)
Foster care	1.16*(.07)	1.15*(.07)	1.37*(.18)	1.01(.07)	.99(.68)	1.29(.17)
Other covariates
Female	1.18**(.05)	n.a	n.a	.77***(.04)	n.a	n.a
Black	.66***(.03)	.67***(.03)	.54***(.052)	.58***(.03)	.57***(.03)	.75***(.08)
Hispanic	.73***(.04)	.74***(.04)	.60(.07)	.67***(.04)	.67***(.04)	.88(.12)
Other	.64***(.05)	.67***(.06)	.52(.08)	.91(.08)	.91(.08)	.91(.16)

^*p < .05,

^**p < .01,

^***p < .001; after controlling for economic hardship while growing up (lived in public housing, caregiver received welfare), education, employment status, and primary caregiver while growing up.