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Adenosine as a known metastasis-promoting factor. Tumor-derived exosomes carry CD39 and CD73, the ectonucleotidases which catalyze adenosine production in the presence of ATP. The TME is rich in ATP, and the activated CD39/CD73 axis promotes adenosine production. Adenosine induces inhibition of antitumor immune cell functions, promotes angiogenesis and favors metastasis, adenosine is only one of numerous other pro-tumorigenic factors that are regulated by tumor-derived exosomes.
