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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Apr 6.
Published in final edited form as: Int J Comp Psychol. 2015;28:http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8hg831n3.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

The importance of time’s arrow in disambiguating the order of conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) deliveries in delay and backwards conditioning paradigms. Without a sense of the movement of time, it would not be possible to discern the ordinal difference between these two paradigms. The fact the delay conditioning results in superior conditioning compared to backwards conditioning in a wide variety of paradigms and species testifies to the importance of time’s arrow in basic conditioning.