Table 4. Mean nutrient intakes (nutrient/AME/day) from fish, nationally and by poverty groups over time.
| Nutrient | 1991 | 2000 | 2010 | Change between 1991–2010 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | unit/AME/day | % | |
| National | ||||||||
| Energy (kJ) | 218 | 8.0 | 210‡ | 5.7 | 302* | 6.4 | +85† | +39 |
| Protein (g) | 7.2 | 0.3 | 7.7‡ | 0.2 | 9.7* | 0.2 | +2.5† | +35 |
| Fat (g) | 2.5 | 0.1 | 2.1* | 0.1 | 3.7* | 0.1 | +1.2† | +48 |
| Iron (mg) | 1.9 | 0.1 | 1.7** | 0.1 | 1.6‡ | 0.0 | -0.3† | -15 |
| Zinc (mg) | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 1.0** | 0.0 | -0.0§ | -2 |
| Calcium (mg) | 324 | 12.4 | 286* | 7.5 | 279 | 5.7 | -45† | -14 |
| Vitamin A (μg RAE) | 47.3 | 3.5 | 46.9‡ | 2.3 | 47.8 | 1.7 | +0.6 | +1 |
| Vitamin B 12 (μg) | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.1* | 0.0 | 1.3* | 0.0 | -0.0¶ | -1 |
| Extreme poor | ||||||||
| Energy (kJ) | 137 | 7.2 | 142‡ | 5.1 | 169* | 5.0 | +31† | +23 |
| Protein (g) | 4.7 | 0.2 | 5.4** | 0.2 | 5.7‡ | 0.2 | +1.1† | +23 |
| Fat (g) | 1.5 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 2.0* | 0.1 | +0.4† | +28 |
| Iron (mg) | 1.4 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.1* | 0.0 | -0.3† | -24 |
| Zinc (mg) | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.0 | -0.1 | -9 |
| Calcium (mg) | 226 | 12.3 | 210 | 7.0 | 180* | 5.2 | -46† | -20 |
| Vitamin A (ug RAE) | 36.3 | 4.6 | 35.8¶ | 2.2 | 35.3‡ | 2.1 | -1.1 | -3 |
| Vitamin B 12 (ug) | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.0 | -0.1 | -12 |
| Moderate poor | ||||||||
| Energy (kJ) | 210 | 8.7 | 198 | 7.7 | 234* | 6.4 | +24†† | +11 |
| Protein (g) | 7.1 | 0.3 | 7.3 | 0.3 | 7.6‡ | 0.2 | +0.5§ | +7 |
| Fat (g) | 2.3 | 0.1 | 2.0** | 0.1 | 2.9* | 0.1 | +0.5† | +22 |
| Iron (mg) | 1.9 | 0.1 | 1.8 | 0.1 | 1.3* | 0.0 | -0.6† | -32 |
| Zinc (mg) | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.9‡ | 0.0 | 0.8* | 0.0 | -0.2† | -21 |
| Calcium (mg) | 325 | 14.7 | 291 | 11.5 | 221* | 5.9 | -104† | -32 |
| Vitamin A (μg RAE) | 47.3 | 3.7 | 48.2 | 3.5 | 37.7** | 2.0 | -9.6†† | -20 |
| Vitamin B 12 (μg) | 1.2 | 0.1 | 1.0* | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.0 | -0.3† | -26 |
| Non-poor | ||||||||
| Energy (kJ) | 293 | 10.6 | 261**# | 6.7 | 347* | 6.9 | +54† | +18 |
| Protein (g) | 9.5 | 0.3 | 9.5‡ | 0.2 | 11.1* | 0.2 | +1.5† | +16 |
| Fat (g) | 3.4 | 0.1 | 2.7* | 0.1 | 4.3* | 0.1 | +0.8† | +25 |
| Iron (mg) | 2.4 | 0.1 | 2.0* | 0.1 | 1.8** | 0.0 | -0.6† | -24 |
| Zinc (mg) | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.1* | 0.0 | 1.1‡ | 0.0 | -0.2† | -13 |
| Calcium (mg) | 411 | 15.9 | 337* | 8.7 | 313** | 6.4 | -97.7† | -24 |
| Vitamin A (ug RAE) | 56.8 | 4.3 | 54.3 | 3.0 | 52.6 | 1.9 | -4.2 | -7 |
| Vitamin B 12 (ug) | 1.7 | 0.1 | 1.4* | 0.0 | 1.5‡ | 0.0 | -0.2† | -13 |
SE, standard error; AME, adult male equivalent.
Means adjusted for clustering and sample weights. Significance of sensitivity analysis only noted when different from main analysis.
for vitamin A, n = 25,254; for vitamin B12, n = 24,960; for all other nutrients, n = 25,425 households (see methods for explanation)
* Significantly different from previous survey year at P<0.01.
**Significantly different from previous survey year at P<0.05.
† 2010 mean is significantly different from 1991 mean at P<0.01.
†† 2010 mean is significantly different from 1991 mean at P<0.05.
‡ In sensitivity analysis, median intake was significantly different than median intake in previous year at P<0.05.
§ In sensitivity analysis, median intake in 2010 was significantly different than median intake in 1991 at P<0.05.
¶ In sensitivity analysis, a significant change in medians was observed in the opposite direction to that detected by means at P<0.05.
# In sensitivity analysis, no significant change was detected.