Table 4. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) of the A. unedo populations.

Among all populations (a,c) and among the groups defined by the BAPS analysis (b,d) (hierarchical AMOVA). Distances between haplotypes were measured as number of different alleles (IAM) (a,b) and as number of repeat units for each microsatellite for the i-th locus (SMM) (c,d). SS = sum of squared deviations, d.f. = degrees of freedom, and P = probability of obtaining a more extreme value by chance alone.

Source of Variation	d.f.	SS	Variance Components	% of total variance	Φ statisticsa	P
(a) All populations
Among pops	14	39.60	0.09	27.97	Φst = 0.28	<0.0001
Within pops	436	97.30	0.22	72.03
Total	450	136.90	0.31
(b) Hierarchical AMOVA
Among BAPS clusters	3	29.89	0.09	27.01	Φct = 0.27	<0.001
Among pops within clusters	11	9.71	0.02	6.53	Φsc = 0.09	<0.0001
Within pops	436	97.30	0.22	66.46	Φst = 0.33	<0.0001
Total	450	136.90	0.33
(c) All populations
Among pops	14	353.609	0.81	47.14	Φst = 0.47	<0.0001
Within pops	436	396.005	0.91	52.86
Total	450	749.614	1.72
(d) Hierarchical AMOVA
Among BAPS clusters	3	310.689	0.99534	49.69	Φct = 0.50	<0.005
Among pops within clusters	11	42.920	0.09953	4.97	Φsc = 0.10	<0.0001
Within pops	436	396.005	0.90827	45.34	Φst = 0.55	<0.0001
Total	450	749.614

^a Fixation indices computed in the Arlequin software [44].