Table 4. Tickling Outcomes.
| ↑ = Positive | ↓ = Positive | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First Author | Year | Control Group or Condition(s) | 50s | Human Approach | Anxiety & Fear | Handling Reactivity | 22s |
| Burgdorf | 2001 | Light touch; Minimal | ↑ | ↑ | |||
| Cloutier | 2008 | Food treat; Stroking | - | - | - | - | |
| 2012 | Minimal; Passive hand; Restraint | ↑ | ↑ | - | ↓ | - | |
| 2013 | Minimal | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | - | ||
| 2014 | Passive hand | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | |||
| 2015 | Minimal | ↑ | ↓ | - | |||
| Hori | 2009 | Light-touch | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | ||
| 2013a | Light-touch | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | |||
| 2013b | Minimal | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | |||
| 2014 | Minimal | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | |||
| Mallo | 2007 | Minimal | ↓ | ||||
| Panksepp | 2000 | Minimal | ↑ | ||||
| Paredes-Ramos | 2012 | Minimal | |||||
| Rygula | 2012 | Minimal | ↑ | ||||
| Wöhr | 2009 | Minimal | |||||
| Yamamuro | 2010 | Minimal | ↑ | ↑ | |||
| 2013 | Minimal; Light-touch | ↑ | ↑ | ||||
A list of the most commonly assessed outcomes (in at least 5 experiments) of tickling rats compared to at least one control group or condition. Arrows indicate the direction of the results as either higher or lower than control rats. A dash indicates that this measure was assessed but no effect or a mixed effect was found. 50s = 50 kilohertz ultrasonic vocalizations (indicative of positive affect). 22s = 22 kilohertz ultrasonic vocalizations (indicative of negative affect). Minimal = minimal handling. Passive = exposure to a passive, still hand. On the left side of the bold line it is considered positive for these outcomes to increase and on the right side of the line it is considered positive for these factors to decrease