Table 2. DRP’s association with psychological distress, non-restorative sleep, stress symptoms, and work performance.
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate* | 95% CI | Estimate* | 95% CI | Estimate* | 95% CI | ||||
| Psychological distress | |||||||||
| DRP duration (h) | |||||||||
| <10 | 2.15 | (0.77, 6.05) | 1.35 | (0.44, 4.16) | 0.72 | (0.20, 2.51) | |||
| 10 h–10 h 59 mins | 2.48 | (1.17, 5.26) | 1.74 | (0.74, 4.10) | 0.96 | (0.37, 2.51) | |||
| 11 h–11 h 59 mins | 2.54 | (1.47, 4.42) | 1.86 | (0.96, 3.58) | 1.30 | (0.63, 2.69) | |||
| 12 h–12 h 59 mins | 0.99 | (0.56, 1.74) | 0.88 | (0.47, 1.63) | 0.59 | (0.30, 1.17) | |||
| 13 h–13 h 59 mins | 1.54 | (0.96, 2.46) | 1.51 | (0.89, 2.55) | 1.34 | (0.76, 2.35) | |||
| 14 h–14 h 59 mins | 0.96 | (0.60, 1.54) | 1.00 | (0.61, 1.64) | 0.93 | (0.55, 1.58) | |||
| 15 h–15 h 59 mins | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | ||||||
| ≥16 | 0.96 | (0.38, 2.39) | 0.83 | (0.32, 2.12) | 0.78 | (0.28, 2.17) | |||
| Non-restorative sleep | |||||||||
| DRP duration (h) | |||||||||
| <10 | 2.35 | (1.08, 5.13) | 2.17 | (0.94, 5.03) | 1.70 | (0.70, 4.14) | |||
| 10 h–10 h 59 mins | 2.81 | (1.58, 5.02) | 2.54 | (1.33, 4.84) | 1.72 | (0.87, 3.41) | |||
| 11 h–11 h 59 mins | 1.61 | (1.06, 2.45) | 1.60 | (0.98, 2.61) | 1.24 | (0.74, 2.08) | |||
| 12 h–12 h 59 mins | 0.94 | (0.65, 1.36) | 0.98 | (0.65, 1.47) | 0.80 | (0.52, 1.23) | |||
| 13 h–13 h 59 mins | 1.07 | (0.77, 1.48) | 1.13 | (0.79, 1.63) | 0.99 | (0.68, 1.44) | |||
| 14 h–14 h 59 mins | 0.86 | (0.63, 1.16) | 0.91 | (0.66, 1.26) | 0.87 | (0.62, 1.23) | |||
| 15 h–15 h 59 mins | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | ||||||
| ≥16 | 0.98 | (0.54, 1.76) | 0.84 | (0.46, 1.54) | 0.84 | (0.44, 1.58) | |||
| Fatigue (stress symptoms) | |||||||||
| DRP duration (h) | |||||||||
| <10 | 6.61 | (3.67, 9.56) | 3.39 | (0.33, 6.46) | 0.93 | (−1.88, 3.73) | |||
| 10 h–10 h 59 mins | 6.25 | (4.07, 8.42) | 3.46 | (1.13, 5.78) | 0.64 | (−1.50, 2.79) | |||
| 11 h–11 h 59 mins | 4.86 | (3.35, 6.37) | 2.26 | (0.57, 3.95) | 0.38 | (−1.19, 1.95) | |||
| 12 h–12 h 59 mins | 2.70 | (1.47, 3.94) | 1.18 | (−0.16, 2.51) | −0.25 | (−1.49, 0.99) | |||
| 13 h–13 h 59 mins | 1.72 | (0.61, 2.83) | 0.58 | (−0.62, 1.78) | −0.47 | (−1.57, 0.64) | |||
| 14 h–14 h 59 mins | 0.87 | (−0.15, 1.90) | 0.44 | (−0.62, 1.49) | 0.12 | (−0.85, 1.08) | |||
| 15 h–15 h 59 mins | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | ||||||
| ≥16 | −0.34 | (−2.33, 1.65) | −0.48 | (−2.47, 1.50) | −0.33 | (−2.14, 1.48) | |||
| Work performance | |||||||||
| DRP duration (h) | |||||||||
| <10 | 0.08 | (−0.60, 0.76) | 0.16 | (−0.57, 0.88) | 0.24 | (−0.43, 0.92) | |||
| 10 h–10 h 59 mins | −0.41 | (−0.91, 0.09) | −0.38 | (−0.93, 0.17) | −0.36 | (−0.88, 0.15) | |||
| 11 h–11 h 59 mins | −0.14 | (−0.49, 0.21) | −0.10 | (−0.50, 0.29) | −0.15 | (−0.53, 0.22) | |||
| 12 h–12 h 59 mins | 0.06 | (−0.23, 0.34) | 0.04 | (−0.28, 0.35) | 0.03 | (−0.26, 0.33) | |||
| 13 h–13 h 59 mins | −0.07 | (−0.33, 0.19) | −0.11 | (−0.39, 0.17) | −0.14 | (−0.41, 0.12) | |||
| 14 h–14 h 59 mins | 0.08 | (−0.16, 0.31) | 0.03 | (−0.21, 0.28) | 0.00 | (−0.23, 0.23) | |||
| 15 h–15 h 59 mins | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | ||||||
| ≥16 | −0.21 | (−0.67, 0.24) | −0.13 | (−0.60, 0.34) | −0.24 | (−0.68, 0.19) | |||
Note. n=1,811; *Estimates are odds ratios for psychological distress and non-restorative sleep, and coefficients of linear regression for fatigue and work performance; odds ratios in bold do not include 1; linear regression coefficients in bold do not include 0; Model 1, bivariate model without any covariates; Model 2, added covariates were age (continuous), sex, weekly working hours and commuting time, Model 3, added covariates (relative to model 2) were employment status, working schedule, exercise (continuous), smoking, having children, caregiving, quantitative workload (continuous), control (continuous), supervisor support (continuous), and coworker support (continuous)