Table 1.
Sample characteristics and maternal mental health measures, entire 3D Cohort Study sample, N = 2365.
|
N (%)
|
Pregnancy anxiety
|
Depression
|
Anxiety disorders screening scale Second trimester (N =1700) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First trimester (N = 1811) | Second trimester (N =1700) | Third trimester (N =1573) | First trimester (N = 1813) | Second trimester (N =1696) | Third trimester (N =1578) | ||||
| Overall | 2365 | (100%) | 3.69 (3.29) | 3.13 (2.98) | 3.29 (2.94) | 7.34 (4.74) | 1.44 (2.00) | 1.30 (1.87) | 1.54 (1.84) |
| Maternal age | |||||||||
| <25 | 173 | (7%) | 4.13 (3.44) | 3.02 (3.00) | 3.25 (2.71) | 7.81 (4.41) | 1.85 (2.10) | 1.46 (1.67) | 1.94 (1.97) |
| 25–29 | 751 | (32%) | 3.65 (3.30) | 3.21 (3.01) | 3.34 (2.88) | 7.18 (4.82) | 1.63 (2.17) | 1.30 (1.81) | 1.63 (1.87) |
| 30–34 | 917 | (39%) | 3.50 (3.15) | 3.03 (2.76) | 3.27 (2.96) | 7.38 (4.70) | 1.26 (1.79) | 1.22 (1.83) | 1.40 (1.76) |
| ≥35 | 519 | (22%) | 3.99 (3.47) | 3.27 (3.32) | 3.28 (3.07) | 7.35 (4.76) | 1.40 (2.06) | 1.40 (2.05) | 1.55 (1.90) |
| p | .058 | .56 | .98 | .63 | .002 | .43 | .02 | ||
| Previous pregnancies | |||||||||
| 0 | 860 | (36%) | 3.77 (3.09) | 3.30 (2.86) | 3.51 (2.86) | 6.57 (4.55) | 1.29 (1.85) | 1.18 (1.71) | 1.39 (1.69) |
| 1 | 761 | (32%) | 3.43 (3.29) | 2.93 (2.81) | 3.19 (2.91) | 7.69 (4.64) | 1.40 (1.88) | 1.25 (1.78) | 1.55 (1.85) |
| 2 | 380 | (16%) | 3.72 (3.53) | 2.97 (2.96) | 3.05 (2.87) | 7.79 (4.75) | 1.75 (2.30) | 1.34 (1.83) | 1.65 (1.85) |
| >2 | 364 | (15%) | 3.99 (3.51) | 3.28 (3.63) | 3.14 (3.26) | 8.10 (5.14) | 1.65 (2.28) | 1.66 (2.37) | 1.80 (2.16) |
| p | .098 | .12 | .11 | <.001 | .006 | .008 | .015 | ||
| Annual household income (Canadian dollars) | |||||||||
| <30,000 | 256 | (11%) | 4.54 (3.93) | 3.64 (3.40) | 3.56 (3.33) | 9.00 (5.40) | 2.01 (2.45) | 1.78 (2.19) | 2.05 (2.36) |
| 30,000–49,999 | 286 | (13%) | 3.98 (3.46) | 3.40 (3.28) | 3.32 (3.04) | 8.31 (5.27) | 2.11 (2.61) | 1.65 (2.21) | 1.84 (2.15) |
| 50,000–99,999 | 1017 | (45%) | 3.67 (3.24) | 3.10 (2.88) | 3.34 (2.93) | 7.28 (4.58) | 1.44 (1.89) | 1.32 (1.85) | 1.53 (1.71) |
| ≥100,000 | 688 | (31%) | 3.41 (3.03) | 2.96 (2.83) | 3.10 (2.73) | 6.74 (4.47) | 1.06 (1.66) | 1.06 (1.65) | 1.24 (1.63) |
| p | .001 | .052 | .32 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | ||
| Maternal education | |||||||||
| Less than college | 254 | (11%) | 3.96 (3.58) | 3.16 (2.94) | 3.15 (2.93) | 8.37 (5.36) | 2.24 (2.53) | 1.82 (2.25) | 1.82 (2.09) |
| College or technical school | 619 | (27%) | 3.90 (3.57) | 3.22 (3.29) | 3.45 (3.20) | 7.63 (4.65) | 1.59 (2.06) | 1.40 (1.85) | 1.79 (2.03) |
| University degree | 911 | (39%) | 3.62 (3.12) | 3.22 (2.94) | 3.35 (2.84) | 7.12 (4.65) | 1.34 (1.92) | 1.24 (1.86) | 1.40 (1.68) |
| Master’s or doctoral degree | 532 | (23%) | 3.47 (3.10) | 2.82 (2.67) | 3.07 (2.83) | 7.00 (4.65) | 1.16 (1.79) | 1.13 (1.73) | 1.41 (1.79) |
| p | .16 | .13 | .28 | .004 | <.001 | .001 | .001 | ||
| Maternal self-reported race/ethnicity | |||||||||
| White | 1636 | (69%) | 3.53 (3.15) | 2.92 (2.79) | 3.14 (2.80) | 7.30 (4.60) | 1.42 (1.94) | 1.26 (1.77) | 1.46 (1.77) |
| Other | 722 | (31%) | 4.16 (3.63) | 3.76 (3.42) | 3.71 (3.28) | 7.43 (5.10) | 1.51 (2.17) | 1.40 (2.13) | 1.77 (2.03) |
| p | <.001 | <.001 | .001 | .58 | .40 | .19 | .002 | ||
| Marital status | |||||||||
| Married or living with a partner | 2232 | (95%) | 3.62 (3.24) | 3.12 (2.97) | 3.30 (2.94) | 7.26 (4.67) | 1.41 (1.99) | 1.28 (1.85) | 1.53 (1.82) |
| Not married or living with a partner | 127 | (5%) | 5.01 (3.96) | 3.39 (3.37) | 3.01 (2.98) | 8.65 (5.67) | 2.11 (2.15) | 1.69 (2.14) | 1.53 (2.24) |
| p | <.001 | .46 | .43 | .008 | .003 | <.001 | >0.99 | ||
| Smoking | |||||||||
| Never | 1331 | (65%) | 3.72 (3.29) | 3.11 (2.93) | 3.37 (3.01) | 7.16 (4.78) | 1.39 (1.93) | 1.30 (1.91) | 1.46 (1.71) |
| Former | 408 | (20%) | 3.31 (3.20) | 2.92 (2.82) | 3.00 (2.89) | 7.72 (4.82) | 1.49 (2.07) | 1.30 (1.83) | 1.60 (1.94) |
| Current | 303 | (15%) | 4.04 (3.34) | 3.59 (3.15) | 3.42 (2.88) | 7.74 (4.65) | 1.85 (2.35) | 1.43 (1.81) | 1.69 (1.94) |
| p | .033 | .037 | .15 | .078 | .013 | .67 | .17 | ||
| Intended pregnancy | |||||||||
| Yes | 1583 | (91%) | 3.50 (3.13) | 3.05 (2.90) | 3.20 (2.84) | 7.24 (4.66) | 1.42 (2.02) | 1.25 (1.82) | 1.53 (1.85) |
| No | 150 | (9%) | 5.27 (3.96) | 4.16 (3.58) | 4.55 (3.79) | 9.24 (6.10) | 2.09 (2.67) | 2.11 (2.64) | 1.71 (1.89) |
| p | <.001 | .001 | <.001 | <.001 | .015 | <.001 | .42 | ||
| Use of assisted reproductive technologies | |||||||||
| Yes | 278 | (12%) | 3.81 (3.37) | 2.91 (3.10) | 3.13 (2.71) | 7.21 (4.65) | 1.21 (1.79) | 1.17 (1.78) | 1.56 (2.00) |
| No | 2086 | (88%) | 3.67 (3.28) | 3.16 (2.97) | 3.31 (2.97) | 7.35 (4.75) | 1.47 (2.03) | 1.32 (1.88) | 1.53 (1.82) |
| p | .55 | .25 | .44 | .66 | .08 | .30 | .86 | ||
| Self-reported complications first trimester | |||||||||
| Yes | 578 | (24%) | 4.21 (3.50) | 3.74 (3.39) | 3.42 (2.86) | 8.12 (4.87) | 1.68 (2.20) | 1.48 (2.00) | 1.80 (1.97) |
| No | 1787 | (76%) | 3.52 (3.21) | 2.95 (2.82) | 3.25 (2.96) | 7.09 (4.67) | 1.37 (1.93) | 1.24 (1.82) | 1.45 (1.79) |
| p | <.001 | <.001 | .32 | <.001 | .007 | .031 | .001 | ||
| Self-reported complications second trimester | |||||||||
| Yes | 267 | (13%) | 4.26 (3.76) | 4.23 (3.69) | 3.78 (3.26) | 8.45 (5.33) | 1.97 (2.62) | 1.36 (1.85) | 2.00 (2.24) |
| No | 1863 | (87%) | 3.56 (3.20) | 2.98 (2.84) | 3.19 (2.85) | 7.12 (4.61) | 1.37 (1.89) | 1.28 (1.87) | 1.47 (1.77) |
| p | .004 | <.001 | .009 | <.001 | <.001 | .62 | <.001 | ||
| Self-reported complications third trimester | |||||||||
| Yes | 320 | (16%) | 3.64 (3.52) | 3.20 (3.07) | 3.71 (3.04) | 7.93 (5.07) | 1.60 (2.33) | 1.63 (2.15) | 1.76 (2.06) |
| No | 1722 | (84%) | 3.67 (3.24) | 3.12 (2.95) | 3.22 (2.92) | 7.16 (4.63) | 1.41 (1.95) | 1.24 (1.81) | 1.49 (1.80) |
| p | .88 | .67 | .016 | .014 | .18 | .002 | .036 | ||
Scores reported for mental health measures are mean (std. dev.).