Table 3a. Association of Subjective/ Self-reported and Objective Sleep Duration with Carotid Intima-Media Thickness (CIMT).
| First Author, Publication Year, Study Type | Sleep Measurement | Non-Invasive Subclinical CVD assessment tools | Results | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subjective/Self-reported Sleep Duration | ||||
| Wolff et al. (35), 2008 | Self-Report questionnaire | CIMT |
Mean difference (mm) in CIMT across hours of sleep: Adje 5h: 0.038 (0.002, 0.074); p < 0.0 6h: 0.007 (−0.012, 0.027); ns) 7h: 0.001 (−0.015, 0.018); ns) 8h: ref group 9h: 0.022 (0.000, 0.045); ns 10h: 0.043 (0.015, 0.070); p < 0.01 > 11h: 0.065 (0.017, 0.113); p < 0.01 |
The association of sleep duration with mean CIMT was J-shaped. The sleep duration group of 7hrs exhibited lowest CIMT, SBP and HbA1c. |
| Abe et al. (36), 2011 | Self-Report questionnaire | CIMT |
Odds ratio for presence of IMT ≥ 1.2 mm: Adj f ≤ 5h: 1.059 (0.764–1.467), p = ≥ 0.05 6h: ref group ≥ 7h: 1.263 (1.031–1.546), p = 0.024 |
The use of hypnotics like benzodiazepines diminished the association between sleep duration and increased CIMT. |
| Nakazaki et al. (38), 2012 | Self-Report (PSQI) | CIMT | Mean CIMT (mm): < 5h sleep vs. > 7h sleep: (1.3 ± 0.5 vs. 0.9 ± 0.3); p = 0.009 Association of sleep duration by PSQI with CIMTg: β = 0.22, p = 0.05 |
Elderly population. |
| Nagai et al. (2), 2013 | Self-Report questionnaire | CIMT |
CIMT (mm) among sleep groups: < 6 hr: 1.03 ± 0.29 ≤ 6–9 hr: 1.01 ± 0.29 ≥ 9 hr: 1.09 ± 0.35, (p = 0.26) |
Elderly population. |
| Ma et al. (37), 2013 | Self-Report (PSQI) | CIMT |
Self-report sleep duration and Mean CIMT (mm): 3.0–4.9h: 0.657 ± 0.024 5.0–5.9h: 0.615 ± 0.012 6.0–6.9h: 0.624 ± 0.011 7.0–7.9h (Reference): 0.617 ± 0.012 8.0–10: 0.607 ± 0.020, (p for all = 0.830) |
Police officers. |
| Objective Sleep Duration | ||||
| Nakazaki et al. (38), 2012 | Actigraphy | CIMT |
Association of total sleep time by Actigraphy with CIMTg: β = −0.32, p = 0.005 Sleep efficiency (%): Insomnia group vs. non-insomnia group (78.6 ± 11.3 vs. 89.3 ± 7.1); p = < 0.0001 |
Elderly population. |
| Sands et al. (39), 2012 | Actigraphy | CIMT |
Linear regression for sleep duration (h) on CIMT (mm) Adjh: OR (95% CI) Male: −0.026 (−0.047, −0.005); p = 0.02 Female: −0.001 (−0.020, 0.022); p = 0.91 |
Model significant in men only. |
| Ma et al. (37), 2013 | Actigraphy | CIMT |
Actigraphy measured sleep duration and mean CIMT mm (SE) (Adji): 1.7–4.9h: 0.633 ± 0.012 5.0–5.9h: 0.617 ± 0.010 6.0–6.9h: 0.623 ± 0.012 7.0–7.9h (Reference): 0.590 ± 0.019 8.0–10.7: 0.625 ± 0.027 (p for all = 0.692) |
Police officers. |
| Schwartz et al. (40) 2102 | Actigraphy | CIMT |
Sleep duration (h) vs. CIMT (mm): β (95% CI)j Nighttime sleep duration: −0.01 (−0.03, 0.01); p ≥ 0.05 Daytime sleep duration: −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01); p ≤ 0.05 |
Study was done on elderly Alzheimer Caregivers |
Adjusted for lifestyle variables include smoking status (number of cigarettes per day), alcohol consumption, physical activity, and shift work; socioeconomic factors include monthly family income, marital status, primary education, vocational status; and biological risk factors include BMI, lipid profile (total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio), diabetes, previous myocardial infarction and hypertension.
Adjusted for age, sex, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, fasting insulin, BMI, alcohol intake (never, monthly, weekly, daily), and current smoking
Adjusted for age, gender, BMI, SBP, DBP, PSQI, AHI, lowest SpO2, sleep efficiency, total sleep time, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, sleep apnea syndrome and insomnia.
Adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, smoking, education, depression, BMI, systolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and diabetes
Adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, abdominal height, systolic blood pressure, anti-hypertensivemedications, glucose, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, lipid lowering medications, sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index global score after removing sleep duration component), perceived stress score, depressive symptoms score, physical activity index, smoking status, shiftwork, and having a second job.
Adjusted for age and gender, education, BMI, physical activity, smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, history of CVD, Role Overload and depression (CESD-10) scores