Table 5a. Association of Subjective/ Self-reported and Objective Sleep Duration with Arterial Stiffness.

First Author, Publication Year, Study Type	Sleep Measurement	Non-Invasive Subclinical CVD assessment tools.	Results	Comments
Subjective/Self-reported Sleep Duration
Yoshioka et al. (55), 2011	Self-Report questionnaire	baPWV	Association of sleep duration and mean baPWV: PRC (95%CI) Adjm: ≤ 5h, 6h, 8 h, p = ≥ 0.05 ≥ 9hr: 44.69 (17.69–71.69); p < 0.01	In gender stratified analyses, ≥ 9h sleep duration was associated with increased baPWV in males only (p < 0.01).
Tsai et al. (57), 2014	Self-Report questionnaire	baPWV	Relationship of sleep duration with arterial stiffness: Adjn Males: Short Sleep: 0.98 (0.72–1.35); p = 0.920 Long sleep: 1.75 (1.04–2.94); p = 0.034 Females: Short Sleep: 0.86 (0.56–1.31); p = 0.476 Long Sleep: 1.02 (0.48–2.15); p = 0.963
Kim et al. (17), 2015	Self-Report (PSQI)	baPWV	Sleep duration (h) vs PWV (cm/s) (Adjb): OR (95% CI) < 5h: 6.7 (0.75–12.6) 6h: 2.9 (−1.7 to 7.4) 7h: Reference (0.0) 8h: 10.5 (4.5–16.5) 9h: 9.6 (−0.7 to 19.8); p = 0.019	The association between sleep duration and baPWV was U-shaped
Objective Sleep Duration
Not even a single study have described the association of objective sleep duration with Arterial Stiffness.

^mAdjusted for age, sex, SBP, hypertension, HR, biological risk factors (BMI, TC, log TG, HDL-C, and FBS), lifestyle factors (education, exercise, smoking, and alcohol consumption), and occupational factors (occupation, working hours, shift work, days off, and job strain)

ⁿAdjusted for age, BMI, eGFR, Hypertension, DM, TC/HDL-C, sleep duration, smoking, alcohol drinking, regular exercise, and snoring ≥ 3/week

^bAdjusted for age, sex, study center, year of visit, education, marital status, depression, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, body mass index, fasting glucose, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, height, and heart rate.