Table 1. Recent (published in 2013 or later) epidemiological findings of blood pressure's association with cardiovascular disease in the older individuals.

Study name, year published	Singapore Chinese Health Study, 2016⁸⁾	Costa Rican CRELES study, 2016¹⁰⁾	Northern Manhattan Study (US), 2016⁹⁾	Taipei City Geriatric Health Examination Database, 2015¹¹⁾	Strobe-Compliant Study (China), 2015¹²⁾	Kangwha cohort study (Korea), 2015¹³⁾	REGARDS study (US), 2014¹⁴⁾	TGLS Study (Iran), 2014¹⁵⁾	LSUHLS (US), 2013¹⁶⁾
Baseline year	1993–1998	2004–2006	1993–2001	2006	2004–2006	1985	2003–2007	1999–2001	1999–2009
Follow-up, years	max: 10	mean: 5.1	median: 13	max: 4	median: 4.8	max: 23.8	median: 4.5	median: 10	mean: 6.0
Age range or mean age, years	48–85, 63.0 ± 7.8	60-, 76 ± 10.2	60-, 72 ± 8	65-, 73.0	60-, 69.5 ± 7.0	55-, 66.7 ± 8.0	55-, 79.3 ± 3.7 [for those aged ≥ 75]	60-, 65.8	30–94
Sample size	30,692 (n of age ≥ 60 = 19,110)	2,346	1,750	77,389	5,006	6,294 (n of age ≥ 65 = 3,387)	9,787 (n of age ≥ 75 = 1,839)	1,845	30,154
Inclusion criteria related to histories	none	those without stroke, heart disease or cancer	those without stroke, DM, and CKD	none	those with HT		those taking antihypertensive medications	those without CVD	DM patients without a history of CHD or stroke
Women (%)	55.7%	57.2%	63.0%	49.2%	51.4%	57.2%	63.1% [for those aged ≥ 75]	49.6%	64%
Baseline SBP/DBP, mmHg	SBP: <100: 2.9% 110–119: 20.1%, 120–139: 35.4%, 140–159: 26.4%, 160–179: 11.1%, ≥ 180: 4.1%	SBP: 140–159: 31%^, ≥ 160: 21.7%^; DBP <70: 17.6%^, ≥ 90: 22.0%^	SBP: <140: 43%, 140–149: 20%, ≥ 150: 37%	Men: SBP: 135.0 ± 19.0/DBP: 76.4 ± 11.5, Women: SBP: 135.7 ± 20.1/DBP: 75.8 ± 11.4	SBP: 162.5 ± 21.3/DBP: 91.7 ± 12.9	SBP: 148.5 ± 31.7 [for total sample]	Isolated Systolic Hypertension, 25.7% [for those aged ≥ 75]	SBP: 136.0/DBP: 80.1	SBP: 145/DBP: 80
Outcome	CVD mortality	CVD mortality	Stroke incidence	CVD mortality	CVD mortality, CHD and stroke incidence	CVD mortality	CVD incidence	CVD incidence	CHD incidence
Reference BP category	SBP 120–139	SBP < 140	SBP < 140	SBP < 120 and DBP < 80	SBP < 130 DBP 85–89	SBP: 100–119	SBP < 120	SBP < 120 and DBP < 80	SBP: 130–139 and DBP: 80–89
BP categories significantly associated with increased outcome	SBP ≥ 180; SBP < 100 in those with CVD history	SBP ≥ 160	SBP 140–149	SBP ≥ 160 DBP ≥ 100	SBP ≥ 160 DBP ≥ 100	SBP ≥ 180 (in those aged ≥ 65)	SBP ≥ 150 (in those aged ≥ 75)	SBP ≥ 140, DBP ≥ 90 or on antihypertensive medications (in those aged ≥ 60)	< 110/65 (in those aged 60–94)

CRELES indicates Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study; US, United States; DM, diabetes mellitus; CKD, chronic kidney disease; HT, hypertension; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; CVD, cardiovascular disease; CHD, coronary heart disease; BP, blood pressure.

The percentages are based on the number of total participants interviewed at baseline. Those of the analyzed sample were not available.

REGARDS indicates REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke; TLGS, Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study; LSUHLS, Louisiana State University Hospital-Based Longitudinal Study. For the other abbreviations, please see the first page of Table 1.