Table 1. Baseline characteristics of participants according to results of follow-up CT.
| Total (n = 122) |
Follow-up cardiac CT |
Overall P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No plaque | Calcified plaque | Non-calcified plaque | |||
| (n = 50) | (n = 48) | (n = 24) | |||
| Age | 56.04 ± 7.62 | 53.54 ± 7.75 | 58.15 ± 7.08† | 57.04 ± 7.14 | 0.008 |
| Age ≥ 65 years | 18 (14.8%) | 3 (6.0%) | 11 (22.9%) | 4 (16.7%) | 0.059 |
| Male sex | 98 (80.3%) | 35 (70.0%) | 42 (87.5%) | 21 (87.5%) | 0.057 |
| HTN | 49 (40.2%) | 17 (34.0%) | 19 (39.6%) | 13 (54.2%) | 0.252 |
| DM | 11 (9.0%) | 1 (2.0%) | 3 (6.2%) | 7 (29.2%) | < 0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 21 (17.2%) | 5 (10.0%) | 11 (22.9%) | 5 (20.8%) | 0.208 |
| Smoking | 0.519 | ||||
| - Never | 45 (36.9%) | 21 (42.0%) | 14 (29.2%) | 10 (41.7%) | |
| - Ex-smoker | 54 (44.3%) | 19 (38.0%) | 26 (54.2%) | 9 (37.5%) | |
| - Current smoker | 23 (18.9%) | 10 (20.0%) | 8 (16.7%) | 5 (20.8%) | |
| SBP (mmHg) | 120.7 ± 14.7 | 119.9 ± 15.0 | 119.6 ± 14.1 | 124.1 ± 15.4 | 0.450 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 78.2 ± 10.9 | 76.1 ± 11.6 | 79.1 ± 10.4 | 80.9 ± 11.7 | 0.169 |
| Height (cm) | 167.3 ± 8.2 | 165.6 ± 9.0 | 168.7 ± 7.7 | 168.3 ± 7.0 | 0.157 |
| Weight (kg) | 69.8 ± 10.0 | 67.8 ± 10.0 | 70.6 ± 9.3 | 72.4 ± 10.9 | 0.149 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.9 ± 2.6 | 24.7 ± 2.7 | 24.8 ± 2.5 | 25.5 ± 2.8 | 0.436 |
| BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 53 (43.4%) | 24 (48.0%) | 20 (41.7%) | 9 (37.5%) | 0.661 |
| BSA (m2) | 1.79 ± 0.16 | 1.76 ± 0.17 | 1.81 ± 0.15 | 1.82 ± 0.17 | 0.246 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 89 ± 7 | 88 ± 7 | 89 ± 7 | 91 ± 7 | 0.318 |
| Central obesity* | 10 (8.2%) | 5 (10.0%) | 3 (6.2%) | 2 (8.3%) | 0.795 |
| Framingham 10-yr risk score (%) | 6 (3–10) | 4 (2–8) | 8 (4–11)† | 7 (3–12)‡ | 0.002 |
| Framingham score ≥ 10% | 35 (28.7%) | 7 (14.0%) | 20 (41.7%) | 8 (33.3%) | 0.009 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 195.7 ± 31.4 | 194.9 ± 32.1 | 198.7 ± 31.0 | 191.7 ± 31.5 | 0.675 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 122.2 ± 61.6 | 124.8 ± 72.9 | 112.0 ± 42.4 | 135.9 ± 65.7 | 0.299 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 53.8 ± 13.2 | 54.4 ± 14.2 | 54.0 ± 12.2 | 52.2 ± 13.3 | 0.808 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 118.0 ± 30.9 | 115.9 ± 32.6 | 123.2 ± 29.2 | 112.7 ± 30.2 | 0.345 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.09 ± 0.16 | 1.08 ± 0.18 | 1.10 ± 0.15 | 1.11 ± 0.13 | 0.672 |
| GFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 73.2 ± 10.1 | 73.7 ± 10.9 | 72.7 ± 9.1 | 73.0 ± 10.5 | 0.900 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.95 ± 0.67 | 5.87 ± 0.49 | 5.91 ± 0.52 | 6.19 ± 1.12 | 0.174 |
| FBS (mg/dL) | 98.7 ± 11.1 | 98.0 ± 10.1 | 98.8 ± 12.6 | 100.2 ± 10.4 | 0.796 |
| Fasting insulin (µU/mL) | 10.57 ± 4.84 | 9.60 ± 3.85 | 11.60 ± 6.00 | 10.73 ± 3.92 | 0.357 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.20 ± 1.25 | 1.98 ± 0.89 | 2.40 ± 1.62 | 2.40 ± 1.18‡ | 0.440 |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | 1.13 ± 1.82 | 1.10 ± 1.21 | 1.28 ± 2.39 | 0.95 ± 1.70 | 0.808 |
| Follow-up duration (months) | 65 (62–73) | 65 (63–73) | 65 (62–73) | 66 (63–74) | 0.916 |
Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range), or proportions (%). P values were calculated by analysis of covariance with post-hoc comparisons.
*
Central obesity: waist circumference >120 cm in men and >88 cm in women, according to the guidelines of NCEP ATP III16).
†
P < 0.01 versus “No plaque” group
‡
P < 0.05 versus “No plaque” group
Abbreviations: CT, computed tomography; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; BSA, body surface area; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance index; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.