Table 4. Factors that contribute to the presence of non-calcified coronary plaque on follow-up CT.
| Univariable |
Multivariable Model 1‡ |
Multivariable Model 2§ |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | P value | OR | 95% CI | P value | OR | 95% CI | P value | |
| Age (per + 1 year) | 1.021 | 0.964–1.082 | 0.472 | ||||||
| Age ≥ 65 years | 1.200 | 0.357–4.038 | 0.768 | ||||||
| Male sex | 1.909 | 0.519–7.022 | 0.331 | ||||||
| HTN | 2.035 | 0.826–5.016 | 0.122 | 1.513 | 0.558–4.106 | 0.416 | 1.712 | 0.561–5.222 | 0.345 |
| DM | 9.767 | 2.552–36.685 | 0.001 | 8.911 | 2.235–35.531 | 0.002 | 9.081 | 1.682–49.034 | 0.010 |
| Dyslipidemia | 1.349 | 0.439–4.139 | 0.601 | ||||||
| Current smoker | 1.170 | 0.385–3.549 | 0.782 | ||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 1.123 | 0.939–1.342 | 0.203 | ||||||
| BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 0.736 | 0.294–1.843 | 0.513 | ||||||
| Waist circumference (cm) | 1.041 | 0.973–1.114 | 0.241 | ||||||
| Central obesity* | 1.023 | 0.203–5.158 | 0.978 | ||||||
| Framingham 10-yr risk score (%) | 1.065 | 0.966–1.175 | 0.206 | ||||||
| Framingham risk score <10% | 1.315 | 0.505–3.425 | 0.575 | ||||||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.995 | 0.980–1.010 | 0.496 | ||||||
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 1.004 | 0.997–1.011 | 0.238 | ||||||
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 0.993 | 0.978–1.008 | 0.355 | ||||||
| LDL-C ≥ 160 mg/dL | 0.307 | 0.038–2.490 | 0.269 | ||||||
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 0.988 | 0.953–1.024 | 0.518 | ||||||
| Low HDL-C** | 1.095 | 0.326–3.677 | 0.884 | ||||||
| HOMA-IR | 1.082 | 0.647–1.811 | 0.763 | ||||||
| HOMA-IR <2.0 | 1.600 | 0.471–5.440 | 0.452 | ||||||
| HOMA-IR <2.5 | 1.833 | 0.555–6.055 | 0.320 | ||||||
| hsCRP (mg/L) | 0.919 | 0.669–1.262 | 0.602 | ||||||
| hsCRP ≥ 1.0 mg/L | 0.626 | 0.213–1.842 | 0.395 | ||||||
| hsCRP ≥ 2.0 mg/L | 0.981 | 0.280–3.435 | 0.976 | ||||||
| Baseline EFVi (cm3/m2)† | 1.024 | 1.006–1.042 | 0.008 | 1.024 | 1.005–1.043 | 0.012 | |||
| - Tertile 1 | Ref | Ref | |||||||
| - Tertile 2 | 3.677 | 0.916–14.765 | 0.066 | 3.606 | 0.844–15.402 | 0.083 | |||
| - Tertile 3 | 5.241 | 1.353–20.306 | 0.017 | 4.297 | 1.040–17.757 | 0.044 | |||
Central obesity: waist circumference >120 cm in men and >88 cm in women, according to the guidelines of NCEP ATP III16).
Low HDL-C: HDL-C levels <40 mg/dL in men and <50 mg/dL in women, according to the guidelines of NCEP ATP III16).
EFVi values were used as a continuous variable in multivariable model 1, and as categorical variables in multivariable model 2; the 1st tertile of EFVi was used as the reference group.
Model 1: adjustment for HTN, DM and baseline EFVi.
Model 2: adjustment for HTN, DM and tertiles of baseline EFVi (1st tertile as reference).
Abbreviations: CT, computed tomography; OR, odds ratio; HTN, hypertension; DM, diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance index; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; EFVi, epicardial fat volume index.