Table 1. The clinical characteristics of the study subjects.
| controls (n = 23) |
type 1 diabetes (n = 105) |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 34.7 ± 6.2 | 37.4 ± 12.4 | NS |
| female n (%) | 8 (34.8) | 71 (65.7) | 0.006 |
| duration of diabetes (years) | – | 21.9 ± 9.2 | – |
| Smoking n (%) | 2 (8.7) | 35 (34.0) | 0.016 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 20.6 ± 2.6 | 23.0 ± 3.0 | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 114 ± 7 | 117 ± 14 | NS |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 68.9 ± 5.9 | 69.7 ± 9.2 | NS |
| AST (U/L) | 18.5 ± 4.0 | 18.4 ± 5.5 | NS |
| ALT (U/L) | 14.9 ± 6.2 | 15.4 ± 9.3 | NS |
| GGT (U/L) | 20.1 ± 9.6 | 24.4 ± 36.7 | NS |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 92.8 ± 8.3 | 156.7 ± 75.0 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.1 ± 0.2 | 7.7 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
| GA (%) | 13.8 ± 1.1 | 23.5 ± 5.0 | <0.001 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 181.8 ± 23.9 | 186.6 ± 32.2 | NS |
| TG (mg/dL) | 59 (30–623) | 66 (21–757) | NS* |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 62.8 ± 13.1 | 67.3 ± 13.2 | NS |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 104.1 ± 22.1 | 102.6 ± 26.8 | NS |
| UA (mg/dL) | 5.2 ± 1.5 | 4.4 ± 1.3 | 0.012 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.82 ± 0.16 | 0.71 ± 0.17 | 0.005 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 81.4 ± 11.3 | 87.5 ± 17.2 | NS |
| UACR (mg/g/Cr) | – | 45.3 ± 320 | – |
| CVR-R (%) | 5.47 ± 2.71 | 3.94 ± 1.84 | 0.001 |
| Nephropathy (no n (%)) | – | 95 (91.3) | – |
| Retinopathy (no n (%)) | – | 58 (59.2) | – |
| maxIMT (mm) | 0.76 ± 0.21 | 1.09 ± 0.48 | 0.002 |
| ABI | 1.07 ± 0.08 | 1.07 ± 0.08 | NS |
| ba-PWV (cm/sec) | 1225 ± 156 | 1318 ± 248 | NS |
| Skin AF (AU) | 1.90 ± 0.26 | 2.07 ± 0.50 | 0.024 |
Data are expressed as mean ± SD, median (range), or number and percentage. Unpaired t-test, Welch's t-test or the *Mann-Whitney U test was performed. P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; AST, aspartate transaminase; ALT, alanine transaminase; GGT, κ-glutamyltransferase; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; GA, glycoalbumin; TC, total cholesterol; TG, serum triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; UA, uric acid; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; CVR-R, coefficient of variation of R-R intervals; IMT, intima media thickness; ABI, ankle-brachial index; PWV, pulse wave verbosity.