Table 4.

Mechanisms implicated in the genesis and worsening of perihematomal edema.

Early		Late
<24 h	24–72 h	>72 h
Serum proteins Glucose Electrolytes (Na, K)	Cellular toxicity (white blood cells, platelets) Humoral toxicity [interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, intracellular adhesion molecule, tumor necrosis factor alpha, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, vascular endothelial growth factor, complement] Coagulation cascade (thrombin, fibrinogen, t-PA) Glutamate and amino acids Epinephrine?	Blood degradation products (Hgb, Fe, biliverdin) Nitric oxide Free radicals Apoptosis Matrix metalloproteinases Glutamate and amino acids

With permission from Ref. (59).