Table 1.

Descriptive statistics of four samples by employment status

Variables	Non-working									Irregular employees			Regular employees
	Total			Inactive persons			Care leave
	N	Mean	S.D.	N	Mean	S.D.	N	Mean	S.D.	N	Mean	S.D.	N	Mean	S.D.
Dependent variables
High-intensity caregiving	4715	0.309	0.46	3445	0.272	0.44	784	0.503	0.50	6978	0.208	0.41	3580	0.144	0.35
High-intensity caregiving (initial)	3957	0.144	0.35	2943	0.131	0.34	618	0.244	0.43	5804	0.085	0.28	2852	0.059	0.24
High-intensity caregiving (20–40 h)	4715	0.165	0.37	3445	0.154	0.36	784	0.228	0.42	6978	0.128	0.33	3580	0.090	0.29
Ultra-high-intensity caregiving (40 h or more)	4715	0.145	0.35	3445	0.118	0.32	784	0.274	0.45	6978	0.080	0.27	3580	0.054	0.23
Sum of K6	4483	4.834	4.71	3277	4.493	4.57	750	5.991	4.97	6540	4.272	4.47	3440	3.903	4.29
Serious mental health (13 ≤ K6)	4715	0.119	0.32	3445	0.111	0.31	784	0.143	0.35	6978	0.115	0.32	3580	0.082	0.27
Moderate mental health (5 ≤ K6 < 13)	4715	0.344	0.47	3445	0.316	0.47	784	0.430	0.50	6978	0.311	0.46	3580	0.297	0.46
Explanatory variables
Co-residential caregiving	4715	0.743	0.44	3445	0.721	0.45	784	0.809	0.39	6978	0.791	0.41	3580	0.825	0.38
Sex (male = 1)	4715	0.145	0.35	3445	0.121	0.33	784	0.121	0.33	6978	0.353	0.48	3580	0.638	0.48
Age	4715	57.56	2.97	3445	57.87	2.91	784	56.72	2.93	6978	57.11	2.99	3580	56.07	2.71
Married	4715	0.737	0.44	3445	0.732	0.44	784	0.754	0.43	6978	0.765	0.42	3580	0.792	0.41
Divorced or widowed	4715	0.010	0.10	3445	0.008	0.09	784	0.010	0.10	6978	0.013	0.11	3580	0.016	0.13
Care recipient
Father	4715	0.144	0.35	3445	0.139	0.35	784	0.163	0.37	6978	0.173	0.38	3580	0.221	0.41
Mother	4715	0.478	0.50	3445	0.472	0.50	784	0.469	0.50	6978	0.472	0.50	3580	0.532	0.50
Father-in-law	4715	0.083	0.28	3445	0.077	0.27	784	0.106	0.31	6978	0.094	0.29	3580	0.077	0.27
Mother-in-law	4715	0.287	0.45	3445	0.298	0.46	784	0.283	0.45	6978	0.279	0.45	3580	0.211	0.41
Caregiver’s income source, health status
Relative resources or logged wage rate	4715	1.627	2.09	3445	1.712	2.10	784	1.638	2.05	5356	0.818	0.28	2985	0.927	0.15
Dummy for difficulty in daily life activities	4557	0.175	0.38	3339	0.181	0.39	752	0.156	0.36	6690	0.116	0.32	3477	0.078	0.27
Dummy for medication or doctor’s consultation	4715	0.297	0.46	3445	0.317	0.47	784	0.224	0.42	6978	0.289	0.45	3580	0.304	0.46
Dummy for hospitalization during the past year	4715	0.024	0.15	3445	0.027	0.16	784	0.011	0.11	6978	0.016	0.13	3580	0.018	0.13
Diabetes	4024	0.093	0.29	2970	0.095	0.29	659	0.064	0.24	5831	0.091	0.29	3183	0.094	0.29
Heart disease (angina, myocardial infarction)	4018	0.041	0.20	2962	0.044	0.20	661	0.024	0.15	5825	0.042	0.20	3183	0.038	0.19
Cerebral stroke	4017	0.022	0.15	2961	0.024	0.15	660	0.006	0.08	5822	0.015	0.12	3180	0.013	0.11
Hypertension	4034	0.234	0.42	2972	0.248	0.43	665	0.203	0.40	5855	0.263	0.44	3195	0.250	0.43
Hyperlipidemia	4026	0.166	0.37	2968	0.175	0.38	661	0.127	0.33	5837	0.163	0.37	3192	0.196	0.40
Cancer	4012	0.032	0.18	2958	0.038	0.19	659	0.009	0.10	5808	0.021	0.14	3173	0.020	0.14
Caregiver’s lifestyle
Having friends/acquaintances	4642	0.829	0.38	3390	0.833	0.37	776	0.825	0.38	6789	0.867	0.34	3527	0.841	0.37
Dummy for current smoker	4715	0.136	0.34	3445	0.118	0.32	784	0.125	0.33	6978	0.226	0.42	3580	0.295	0.46
Dummy for almost every day or every day drinker	4715	0.303	0.46	3445	0.299	0.46	784	0.328	0.47	6978	0.289	0.45	3580	0.258	0.44
Dummy for regular physical activity	4715	0.542	0.50	3445	0.552	0.50	784	0.503	0.50	6978	0.420	0.49	3580	0.426	0.49

High-intensity caregiving (initial) refers to high-intensity caregiving in 2005, when the LSMEP launched

Sources: Longitudinal Survey of Middle-aged and Elderly Persons 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009