Table 2.
High-intensity caregiving functions
| Independent variables | Non-working | Irregular employees | Regular employees |
|---|---|---|---|
| High-intensity caregiving (−1) | |||
| 20–40 h (−1) | 0.919*** | 1.031*** | 1.013*** |
| (0.116) | (0.136) | (0.199) | |
| 40 h or more (−1) | 0.744*** | 0.538*** | 0.374* |
| (0.104) | (0.116) | (0.194) | |
| High-intensity caregiving (initial) | 0.573*** | 0.550*** | 0.579*** |
| (0.115) | (0.134) | (0.189) | |
| m (non-attendance of health checkup) | 8.613*** | 2.081 | 0.259 |
| (2.795) | (2.727) | (3.661) | |
| Care leave | 0.521*** | ||
| (0.0835) | |||
| Relative resources squared | 0.0131** | ||
| (0.00606) | |||
| Relative resources/wage rate | −0.0538** | −0.134 | 0.517* |
| (0.0222) | (0.126) | (0.275) | |
| Co-residential caregiving | 0.285*** | 0.0753 | 0.0641 |
| (0.0753) | (0.0802) | (0.108) | |
| Sex (male = 1) | −0.199* | −0.135* | −0.401*** |
| (0.106) | (0.0796) | (0.100) | |
| Care recipients | |||
| Father | −0.0517 | −0.0366 | 0.129 |
| (0.0954) | (0.0935) | (0.107) | |
| Mother | 0.137* | 0.0564 | −0.0185 |
| (0.0770) | (0.0789) | (0.0988) | |
| Father-in-law | 0.274** | −0.0701 | 0.287* |
| (0.121) | (0.116) | (0.151) | |
| Mother-in-law | 0.0332 | 0.0776 | −0.162 |
| (0.0838) | (0.0874) | (0.119) | |
| Health status and Medical care use | |||
| Medication or doctor’s consultation | 0.243** | 0.0613 | 0.0386 |
| (0.107) | (0.105) | (0.127) | |
| Hospitalization during the past year | −0.577** | 0.263 | −0.649* |
| (0.233) | (0.247) | (0.390) | |
| Difficulty in daily life activities | −0.00896 | 0.0340 | −0.289* |
| (0.0863) | (0.103) | (0.171) | |
| Hypertension | −0.201* | −0.0996 | 0.00882 |
| (0.104) | (0.100) | (0.122) | |
| Hyperlipidemia | −0.182** | −0.118 | 0.00838 |
| (0.0906) | (0.0903) | (0.104) | |
| Constant | −4.304*** | −3.358*** | −1.365 |
| (1.160) | (1.133) | (1.502) | |
| lnσu 2 | −1.266*** | −0.716*** | −1.815** |
| (0.384) | (0.274) | (0.913) | |
| σu | 0.531*** | 0.699*** | 0.403** |
| (0.101) | (0.095) | (0.184) | |
| Intra-class correlation (σu 2/(1 + σu 2)) | 0.220 | 0.328 | 0.140 |
| Likelihood-ratio test of ρ = 0 [chi2(1)] | 11.32 | 28.96 | 1.62 |
| Prob ≥ chi2 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.10 |
| Log likelihood | −1501.54 | −1610.13 | −733.07 |
| N | 2879 | 3580 | 2063 |
High-intensity caregiving (initial) refers to high-intensity caregiving in 2005. m(X) means time-average of time-variant explanatory variable (X)
Age, educational attainment, marital status, residence, having cancer, cerebral stroke, diabetes, heart disease, and friends were included as covariates
Standard errors in parentheses. *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1