Table 2. Conjunctival hemodynamic descriptors in arterioles stratified by DR stage.

Hemodynamic Descriptor	C (N = 34)	NDR (N = 47)	NPDR (N = 45)	PDR (N = 35)	P-value*
D (μm)
Mean ± SD	18 ± 5	19 ± 4	18 ± 4	18 ± 5	0.9
[Min–Max]	[6–61]	[7–53]	[7–47]	[7–58]
V (mm/s)
Mean ± SD	0.70 ± 0.23	0.54 ± 0.22	0.62 ± 0.24	0.64 ± 0.27	0.03
[Min–Max]	[0.08–3.02]	[0.07–3.24]	[0.07–3.27]	[0.08–3.44]
Q (pl/s)
Mean ± SD	144 ± 118	124 ± 98	135 ± 90	146 ± 115	0.8
[Min–Max]	[5–1672]	[3–2306]	[4–1234]	[3–1566]
WSR (s−1)
Mean ± SD	280 ± 115	193 ± 87	232 ± 109	245 ± 106	0.003
[Min–Max]	[15–2288]	[18–1310]	[15–1365]	[24–1563]
WSS (dyne/cm2)
Mean ± SD	8.6 ± 5.0	5.4 ± 3.2	6.2 ± 3.3	6.6 ± 3.7	0.003
[Min–Max]	[0.03–3.2]	[0.03–6.3]	[0.03–5.0]	[0.04–6.0]
Arterioles sample size
Mean ± SD	13 ± 8	12 ± 6	12 ± 5	10 ± 7	0.3
[Min–Max]	[4–32]	[4–33]	[4–27]	[3–31]

C, NDR, NPDR, and PDR are abbreviations for non-diabetic control, no clinically visible diabetic retinopathy, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy, respectively. D, V, Q, WSR, and WSS are abbreviations for diameter, axial blood velocity, blood flow, wall shear rate and wall shear stress, respectively. Bold indicates statistical significance. The ± symbol refers to standard deviation (SD).

*P-value determined by ANOVA.