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. 2017 Apr 7;7:46100. doi: 10.1038/srep46100

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After 2.5 min from turning on of red actinic light (solid upward arrow), saturating light was applied to obtain first Fm’. Soon after, ethanol for mock control (A) or nigericin (final concentration at 10 μM in the panel B experiment or at 50 μM in the panel C experiment) was added. After the level of fluorescence settled down to the steady state (Fs), saturating light was applied to obtain second Fm’. Then, red actinic light temporary turned off (solid downward arrow), and DCMU was added (thin upward arrow). Finally, red actinic light was turned on again and bring the cells to State 1 for the determination of Fm.