Table 2. Case-control studies of hypertension and endometrial cancer.
| First author, publication year, country | Number of cases and controls, age | Study period | Assessment of hypertension | Cut-off for hypertension | Exposure, subgroup, outcome | Comparison | Relative risk (95% confidence interval) | Adjustment for confounders or matching variables |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elwood JM et al., 1977, USA | 212 cases 1198 population controls Age 55–69 years | 1965–1969 | Self-reported | Not available | Hypertension | Yes vs. no | 1.7 (1.0–2.7) | Year of birth |
| Austin H et al., 1991, USA | 168 cases 334 hospital controls Age 40–82 years | 1985–1988 | Self-reported (interview) | Not available | Hypertension | Yes vs. no | 2.4 (1.6–3.6) | Age, race, years of schooling |
| Inoue M et al., 1994, Japan | 143 cases 143 hospital controls Age 22–79 years | 1979–1992 | Medical records | Not available | Hypertension | Yes vs. no | 1.67 (0.57–4.76) | Age, obesity, personal cancer history, diabetes mellitus, parity |
| Goodman MT et al., 1997, USA | 332 cases 511 population controls Age 18–84 years | 1985–1993 | Self-reported (interview | Not available | Hypertension | Yes vs. no | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | Age, ethnicity, pregnancy history, OC use, unopposed estrogen use, diabetes history, BMI |
| Hachisuga T et al., 1998, Japan | 242 cases 1021 hospital controls Age 20–79 years | 1980–1989 | Medical records | Not available | Hypertension | Yes vs. no | 1.47 (0.96–2.28) | Age, parity, BMI, diabetes mellitus |
| Soler M et al., 1999, Italy | 745 cases 3054 hospital controls Age <75 years | 1983–1996 | Self-reported (interview) | Not available | Treated hypertension | Yes vs. no | 1.59 (1.30–1.94) | Age, area of residence, education, smoking, alcohol, parity, menopausal status, BMI |
| McCann SE et al., 2000, USA | 232 cases 639 population controls Age 40–85 years | 1986–1991 | Self-reported (interview) | Not available | Hypertension | Yes vs. no | 1.8 (1.3–2.5) | Age |
| Salazar-Martinez E et al., 2000, Mexico | 85 cases 668 population controls Mean age 61.7/60.2 years | 1995–1997 | Self-reported (interview) | Not available | Hypertension | Yes vs. no | 2.1 (1.2–3.6) | Age, anovulatory index, smoking, physical activity, menopausal status, diabetes, BMI |
| Weiderpass E et al., 2000, Sweden | 709 cases 3368 population controls Age 50–74 years | 1994–1995 | Self-reported | Not available | Hypertension | Yes vs. no | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | Age, age at menarche, parity, age at last birth, age at menopause, smoking, OC use, HRT, diabetes mellitus, recent BMI |
| Strom BL et al., 2006, USA | 511 cases 1412 population controls Age 50–79 years | 1999–2002 | Self-reported (interview) | Not available | Hypertension | Yes vs. no | 1.51 (1.22–1.87) | Age, ethnicity, education, BMI, number of full-term pregnancies, years of menses, type of menopause, smoking status, years of smoking, OC use |
| Weiss JM et al., 2006, USA | 1304 cases 1779 population controls Age 45–74 years | 1985–1991 | Self-reported (interview) | Not available | Hypertension, low tumor aggressiveness | Yes vs. no | 1.2 (1.0–1.6) | Age, HRT, BMI, county of residence, referent year |
| 1994–1995 | Hypertension, moderate tumor aggressiveness | Yes vs. no | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | |||||
| 1997–1999 | Hypertension, high tumor aggressiveness | Yes vs. no | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) | |||||
| Soliman PT et al., 2006, USA | 117 cases 238 hospital controls Age 25–88 years | 2000–2004 | Medical records | Not available | Hypertension | Yes vs. No | 2.64 (1.41–4.97) | Age, BMI, diabetes |
| Fortuny J et al., 2009, USA | 469 cases 467 population controls Age ≥21 years | 2001–2005 | Self-reported (interview) | Not available | Hypertension | Yes vs. no | 0.9 (0.6–1.5) | Age, BMI, education, race, age at menarche, HRT, OC use, age at menopause, parity, smoking, FH – EC, type 2 diabetes, biguanides, insulin, sulphonylureas, hypercholesterolemia, statins, fibrates, ACE-inhibitors, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin 2 receptor antagonists, thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics, K sparing diuretics, osteoporosis, biphosphonates, calcitonin, endometrial cancer fibroids |
| Reis N et al., 2009, Turkey | 285 cases 1050 hospital controls Age 43–76 years | 2002–2003 | Self-report of treated hypertension or physician-diagnosis (interview) | Not available | Hypertension | Yes vs. no | 3.26 (2.21–4.80) | Age, education, diabetes, parity, age at menarche, HRT use, 1st degree relative history of breast, endometrial cancer or colorectal cancer, 2nd degree relative with history of breast and ovarian cancer |
| Zhang Y et al., 2010, China | 942 cases 1721 healthy hospital controls Age NA | 2004–2008 | Medical record | ≥140/≥90 mm/Hg | Hypertension, all | Yes vs. no | 6.34 (4.53–8.88) | Age |
| Hypertension, type 1 endometrial cancer | Yes vs. no | 6.39 (4.50–9.06) | ||||||
| Hypertension, type 2 endometrial cancer | Yes vs. no | 6.63 (4.01–10.94) | ||||||
| Friedenreich CM et al., 2011, Canada | 515 cases 962 population controls Age 30–79 years | 2002–2006 | Self-reported (interview) | Not available | Ever diagnosed and treated for hypertension | Yes vs. no | 1.75 (1.32–2.32) | Age, age2, age at menarche, number of pregnancies ≥20 weeks gestation, type of HRT, waist circumference, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, fasting blood glucose |
| Rosato V et al., 2011, Italy | 454 cases 798 hospital controls Age 18–79/19–79 years | 1992–2006 | Self-reported (interview) | Not available | Hypertension | Yes vs. no | 1.77 (1.34–2.34) | Age, study center, year of interview, education, age at menarche, parity, menopausal status, OC use, HRT use |
| Trabert B et al., 2015, USA | 19323 cases 100751 population controls Age ≥65 years | 1993–2007 | Medical records | Not available | Hypertension | Yes vs. no | 1.21 (1.15–1.26) | Age, diagnosis date, race/ethnicity, registry area, tobacco use, overweight/obesity, impaired fasting glucose, high triglycerides |
| Shao Y et al., 2015, China | 128 cases 294 hospital controls Age 22–43 years | 2010–2013 | Self-reported (interview) | Not available | Hypertension | Yes vs. no | 2.62 (0.90–4.40) | Age, time of day of blood collection, CRP, IL-6, TNF-α, insulin, C-peptide, SHBG, birth weight > 4 kg, BMI, WHR, diabetes, age at menarche, FH - cancer |
ACE-inhibitor = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, BMI = body mass index, CRP = C-reactive protein, FH – EC = family history of endometrial cancer, HDL-cholesterol = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HRT use = hormone replacement therapy use, IL-6 = interleukin-6, NA = not available, OC use = oral contraceptive use, TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor α, WHR = waist-to-hip ratio.