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. 2017 Feb;67:106–118. doi: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2016.09.020

Table 2.

Main sample characteristics.

Sample characteristics Malawi
Tanzania
Uganda
All Sellers Non sellers All Sellers Non sellers All Sellers Non sellers
# of households 9894 8727 1167 2074 1335 739 1788 1415 373



of which:
Male headed (%) 75.4 75.7 74.7 73.7 72.7 71.7 70.7 69.7 68.7
Female headed (%) 24.6 24.3 25.3 26.3 27.3 28.3 29.3 30.3 31.3



Education (%)
– None 78.8 78.2 83.8 30.2 28.7 33.3 18.8 16.6 27.7
– Primary 9.1 9.4 6.9 62.9 65.4 57.5 58.2 59.0 55.2
– Secondary 11.0 11.2 8.7 6.8 5.8 9.1 18.2 19.4 13.7
– Tertiary 1.1 1.2 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 4.8 5.1 3.4



HH head age 43.1 43.7 48.6 47.3 51.4 47.0 46.7 48.1
(16.51) (16.42) (17.28) (15.76) (15.25) (16.45) (15.73) (15.51) (16.54)
HH size 4.7 4.7 4.5 5.5 5.6 5.5 5.3 5.4 5.1
(2.17) (2.18) (2.08) (2.93) (2.93) (2.94) (2.62) (2.62) (2.63)
CDR 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8
(0.70) (0.70) (0.73) (0.68) (0.69) (0.67) (0.76) (0.75) (0.76)
Distance market (Kms) 7.9 7.9 8.0 75.5 78.7 68.8 31.6 31.4 32.4
(5.31) (5.32) (5.25) (50.97) (53.09) (45.46) (17.79) (16.87) (21.02)
Distance pop. Center (Kms) 36.0 35.8 38.2 51.2 54.0 45.2 25.2 24.1 29.8
(20.06) (20.03) (20.19) (39.00) (38.99) (38.36) (16.83) (15.02) (22.01)
P.c. food expenditure (USD) 0.52 0.53 0.42 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.40 0.42 0.35
(0.34) (0.35) (0.29) (0.35) (0.34) (0.36) (0.26) (0.27) (0.25)
P.c. kcal Consumption 2536 2554 2383 2044 2078 1972 2243 2317 1954
(2305.56) (2239.66) (2807.45) (867.95) (858.17) (884.73) (1567.90) (1573.86) (1512.01)
Hired labor (days) 4.4 4.8 1.5 8.5 10.8 3.4 16.2 17.9 9.7
(17.27) (18.08) (6.47) (25.32) (29.57) (10.42) (35.31) (37.20) (25.63)
Land owned (Ha) 0.9 1.0 0.6 2.6 3.0 1.7 2.3 2.5 1.5
(13.13) (13.87) (0.61) (4.59) (5.27) (2.34) (12.76) (14.15) (3.83)
# crops harvested 2.2 2.3 1.5 2.1 2.3 1.6 3.8 4.2 2.4
(1.12) (1.09) (1.11) (1.12) (1.14) (0.85) (1.87) (1.80) (1.45)
# crops sold 1.7 1.8 0.0 1.0 1.5 0.0 1.8 2.3 0.0
(1.02) (0.90) 0.00 (0.94) (0.76) 0.00 (1.49) (1.31) 0.00
HH Harvest value (USD) 269.92 292.28 76.91 244.65 314.20 96.63 215.03 254.46 60.06
(731.34) (768.50) (110.90) (500.71) (429.69) (599.61) (334.09) (361.59) (79.97)
HH revenue (USD) 102.28 114.13 0.00 112.23 164.96 0.00 85.59 107.38 0.00
(542.64) (572.03) 0.00 (286.60) (334.75) 0.00 (217.84) (239.16) 0.00
AG Income (USD) 285.18 308.40 84.72 281.35 350.66 133.84 234.07 272.07 84.77
(738.08) (775.05) (130.67) (534.48) (472.76) (621.66) (354.33) (378.56) (167.05)
HH Days worked 125.30 129.00 93.36 149.32 161.51 123.38 134.10 143.74 96.22
(116.28) (119.63) (74.64) (146.35) (150.35) (133.91) (106.10) (109.05) (83.57)

Source: Own computations on LSMS -ISA. SD in parentheses.