Table 5. Overview of the families and subtypes of toxin genes in the venom gland transcriptomes of Malaysian (NK-M) and Thai Naja kaouthia (NK-T).
| Protein family | Subtype | Accession/species | NK-Mb, % (non-redundant transcript) | NK-Tb, % (non-redundant transcript) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Three-finger toxin (3FTx) | 86.84 (15) | 97.03 (16) | ||
| LNTX | 1.68 (4) | 48.32 (3) | ||
| Alpha-elapitoxin-Nk2a | P01391 (N. kaouthia)a | 1.52 (1)c | 48.32 (2) | |
| Hypothetical protein L345_18084 | V8N212 (O. hannah) | – | 0.00 (1) | |
| Long neurotoxin-like OH-31 | Q53B55 (O. hannah)a | 0.16 (3) | – | |
| SNTX | 46.43 (5) | 22.71 (6) | ||
| Cobrotoxin | P60770 (N. atra)a | 16.45 (1)c | 3.53 (1) | |
| Cobrotoxin-c | P59276 (N. kaouthia)a | 14.46 (1)c | 18.38 (2) | |
| Short neurotoxin SNTX11 | Q2VBP1 (O. hannah)a | 12.44 (1)c | 0.67 (1)c | |
| Cobrotoxin-b | P80958 (N. atra) | 2.37 (1) | – | |
| Neurotoxin homolog NL1 | Q9DEQ3 (N. atra)a | 0.71 (1)c | 0.12 (1)c | |
| Neurotoxin-like protein NTL2 | Q9W717 (N. atra) | – | 0.01 (1) | |
| CTX | 29.01 (2) | 20.54 (3) | ||
| Cytotoxin 3 | P01446 (N. atra) | – | 18.35 (1) | |
| Cytotoxin 5 | Q98961 (N. atra)a | 27.20 (1)c | 1.17 (1) | |
| Cardiotoxin 7 | Q91996 (N. atra)a | 1.81 (1)c | 1.02 (1)c | |
| MTLP | 0.72 (2) | 0.47 (1) | ||
| Muscarinic toxin-like protein 2 | P82463 (N. kaouthia)a | 0.71 (1)c | 0.47 (1)c | |
| Muscarinic toxin-like protein 3 homolog | A8N286 (O. hannah) | 0.01 (1)c | – | |
| WTX | 9.01 (2) | 4.97 (3) | ||
| Weak tryptophan-containing neurotoxin | P82935 (N. kaouthia)a | 9.00 (1)c | 4.12 (1) | |
| Probable weak neurotoxin NNAM2 | Q9YGI4 (N. kaouthia) | – | 0.85 (1) | |
| Three finger toxin-like | Q27J50 (L. muta)a | 0.01 (1)c | 0.00 (1)c | |
| Cysteine-rich secretory protein (CRISP) | 4.03 (5) | 0.31 (5) | ||
| Kaouthin-2 | P84808 (N. kaouthia)a | 2.10 (2) | 0.11 (1)c | |
| Natrin-1 | Q7T1K6 (N. atra)a | 1.41 (2) | 0.20 (3) | |
| Natrin-2 | Q7ZZN8 (N. atra) | 0.52 (1) | 0.01 (1) | |
| Cobra venom factor (CVF) | 2.19 (4) | 0.06 (2) | ||
| Cobra venom factor | Q91132 (N. kaouthia)a | 2.19 (4) | 0.06 (2) | |
| Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) | 1.80 (2) | 1.54 (1) | ||
| Acidic phospholipase A2 1 | P00596 (N. kaouthia)a | 1.79 (1)c | 1.54 (1)c | |
| Phospholipase A2 GL16-1 | Q8JFB2 (L. semifasciata) | 0.01 (1) | – | |
| Snake venom metalloproteinase (SVMP) | 1.62 (6) | 0.18 (10) | ||
| Zinc metalloproteinase-disintegrin atragin | D3TTC2 (N. atra) | 1.03 (2) | 0.03 (1) | |
| Haemorrhagic metalloproteinase-disintegrin kaouthiagin | P82942 (N. kaouthia) | 0.53 (3) | – | |
| Carinatease-1 | B5KFV1 (T. carinatus) | 0.06 (1) | 0.01 (1) | |
| Zinc metalloproteinase-disintegrin NaMP | A8QL59 (N. atra) | – | 0.01 (4) | |
| Nigrescease-1 | B5KFV8 (C. nigrescens) | – | 0.04 (1) | |
| Zinc metalloproteinase-disintegrin cobrin | Q9PVK7 (N. kaouthia) | – | 0.05 (1) | |
| Zinc metalloproteinase-disintegrin atrase-A | D5LMJ3 (N. atra) | – | 0.02 (1) | |
| Zinc metalloproteinase mocarhagin | Q10749 (N. mossambica) | – | 0.02 (1) | |
| Nerve growth factor (NGF) | 1.04 (1) | 0.10 (1) | ||
| Nerve growth factor beta chain | A59218 (N. kaouthia)a | 1.04 (1)c | 0.10 (1)c | |
| Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor (KSPI) | 0.63 (2) | 0.25 (3) | ||
| Protease inhibitor | P20229 (N. naja) | 0.61 (1)c | – | |
| Protease inhibitor NACI | Q5ZPJ7 (N. atra) | – | 0.24 (1)c | |
| Kunitz-type protease inhibitor 1 | V8N7R6 (O. hannah)a | 0.02 (1)c | 0.00 (1)c | |
| Protease inhibitor | B2BS84 (A. labialis)a | – | 0.01 (1)c | |
| Natriuretic peptide (NP) | 0.56 (2) | 0.12 (2) | ||
| Natriuretic peptide Na-NP | D9IX97 (N. atra)a | 0.54 (2) | 0.12 (2) | |
| Neprilysin | 0.37 (3) | 0.01 (1) | ||
| Neprilysin-like | XP_007436944 (P. bivittatus)a | 0.37 (3) | 0.01 (1)c | |
| Snake venom C-type lectin/lectin-like protein (snaclec) | 0.31 (4) | 0.12 (2) | ||
| C-type lectin BFL-1 | Q90WI8 (B. fasciatus)a | 0.29 (1)c | 0.12 (1)c | |
| C-type lectin BFL-2 | Q90WI7 (B. fasciatus)a | 0.02 (1)c | 0.00 (1)c | |
| Venom C-type lectin mannose binding isoform 2 variant 1 | D2YVL4 (C. nigrescens) | 0.00 (1) | – | |
| C-type lectin isoform 3 | H8PG91 (P. nigriceps) | 0.00 (1) | – | |
| Cystatin | 0.19 (4) | 0.05 (5) | ||
| Hypothetical protein L345_15265 | V8NBS6 (O. hannah)a | 0.14 (1)c | 0.04 (1)c | |
| Cystatin | E3P6P4 (N. kaouthia)a | 0.02 (1)c | 0.00 (1)c | |
| Cystatin-C | V8NX38 (O. hannah)a | 0.02 (1) | 0.00 (1) | |
| Hypothetical protein L345_15526 | V8NB07 (O. hannah) | 0.00 (1) | 0.00 (1) | |
| Hypothetical protein L345_14827 | V8NCS2 (O. hannah) | – | 0.00 (1) | |
| l-amino-acid oxidase (LAAO) | 0.12 (1) | 0.02 (1) | ||
| l-amino-acid oxidase | A8QL58 (N. atra)a | 0.12 (1)c | 0.02 (1)c | |
| Vespryn | 0.12 (1) | 0.11 (1) | ||
| Thaicobrin | P82885 (N. kaouthia)a | 0.12 (1)c | 0.11 (1)c | |
| Phosphodiesterase (PDE) | 0.11 (2) | 0.01 (1) | ||
| Phosphodiesterase | U3FAB3 (M. fulvius)a | 0.11 (2)c | 0.01 (1)c | |
| Aminopeptidase | 0.03 (2) | 0.01 (2) | ||
| Aminopeptidase N | B6EWW5 (G. brevicaudus)a | 0.02 (1) | 0.01 (2) | |
| Aminopeptidase B | V8N861 (O. hannah) | 0.01 (1) | – | |
| Snake venom serine protease (SVSP) | 0.03 (1) | 0.01 (1) | ||
| Serine protease harobin | Q5MCS0 (H. curtus)a | 0.03 (1)c | 0.01 (1)c | |
| Waprin | 0.01 (1) | 0.00 (1) | ||
| Scuwaprin-a | B5G6G8 (O. scutellatus scutellatus)a | 0.01 (1)c | 0.00 (1)c | |
| Phospholipase B (PLB) | 0.01 (1) | 0.01 (1) | ||
| Putative phospholipase B 81b | F8J2D3 (D. coronoides)a | 0.01 (1)c | 0.01 (1)c | |
| 5′nucleotidase (5′NUC) | 0.01 (2) | 0.02 (1) | ||
| 5′nucleotidase | A6MFL8 (D. vestigiata)a | 0.00 (1) | – | |
| Snake venom 5′nucleotidase | F8S0Z7 (C. adamanteus) | 0.00 (1) | – | |
| Snake venom 5′nucleotidase | B6EWW8 (G. brevicaudus)a | – | 0.02 (1)c | |
| Dipeptidylpeptidase-IV (DPP-IV) | 0.01 (1) | 0.00 (1) | ||
| Venom dipeptidylpeptidase-IV | A6MJH7 (P. australis)a | 0.01 (1)c | 0.00 (1)c | |
| Coagulation factor (CF) | 0.01 (1) | 0.00 (0) | ||
| Coagulation factor X isoform 1 | V8PHG1 (O. hannah) | 0.01 (1) | – | |
| Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) | 0.00 (1) | 0.01 (1) | ||
| Acetylcholinesterase | Q92035 (B. fasciatus)a | 0.00 (1)c | 0.01 (1)c | |
| Hyaluronidase | 0.00 (0) | 0.01 (2) | ||
| Hyaluronidase | A3QVN2 (E. ocellatus)a | – | 0.01 (2)c | |
| Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) | 0.01 (1) | 0.00 (1) | ||
| Insulin-like growth factor II | V8NR69 (O. hannah)a | 0.00 (1)c | – | |
| Insulin-like growth factor I isoform X2 | XP_007420002 (P. bivittatus) | – | 0.00 (1)c | |
Notes:
The number in bracket represents the number of non-redundant transcript.
A, Austrelaps; B, Bungarus; C, Crotalus/Cryptophis; D, Demansia/Drysdalia; E, Echis; G, Gloydius; H, Hydrophis; L, Lachesis/Laticauda; M, Micrurus; N, Naja; O, Ophiophagus/Oxyuranus; P, Parasuta/Pseudechis/Python; T, Tropidechis.
b
Level of expression in percentage (%) by FPKM (fragments per kilobase of exon model per million mapped reads).
c
Transcript with full-length protein-encoding region coverage (>90%) to the mature chain of annotated protein ID.