Figure 5. Spatio-temporal dynamics in a frog chorus obtained from numerical simulation with ω_n = 8π, N = 20, K_nm = 1, and (L_x, L_y) = (56, 4) in equations (3) and (5)–(8).

(A) Spatial structure in a frog chorus. Almost equilaterally triangular patterns are generated in many of neighboring frog trios at t = 20000, because of the narrow and long geometric shape of the rectangular field characterized by (L_x, L_y) = (56, 4). (B) Disordered phase dynamics in a frog chorus. The horizontal axis represents the frog index n, and the vertical axis represents θ_n at t = 20000. A self-organized structure such as two-cluster or wavy antisynchronization is not realized. (C) Time series data of the order parameters, R_cluster, R_wavy, and R_in. Red, blue, green, and black lines represent the time series data of R_cluster, R_wavy for k = 1 and k = −1, and R_in, respectively. All the order parameters take considerably less values than 1.