Association between discounted QALYs gained and costs of vaccination.
Note: The crosses are when societal perspective is taken, and circles when healthcare perspective is taken. Regions below the dashed lines indicate cost-effective (<$159,123/QALY), whereas regions below the solid lines indicate very cost-effective (<$53,042/QALY). The different panels constitute different vaccination scenarios and vaccine effectiveness.
ICER, incremental cost-effectiveness ratio; LAIV, live attenuated influenza vaccine; IIV, inactivated influenza vaccine; QALY, quality-adjusted life years