Fig. 1. Schematic of improved wettability of SSE against Li metal and demonstration of hybrid solid-liquid electrolyte system for Li-ion, Li-S, and Li-O₂ batteries.

(A) Schematic of engineered garnet SSE/Li interface using Li-metal alloy. The pristine garnet SSE has poor contact with Li. Al-coated garnet SSE exhibits good contact with Li due to the Li-Al alloy that forms between the SSE and the Li metal. The garnet SSE surface becomes “lithiophilic,” enabling a low ASR when Li metal is used. (B) Schematic of the hybrid solid-liquid electrolyte system for Li-ion, Li-S, and Li-O₂ batteries. Solid-state garnet SSE/Li is on the anode side, and liquid electrolyte is applied to the cathode side.