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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Apr 7.
Published in final edited form as: Clin Perinatol. 2014 Jun;41(2):331–345. doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2014.02.006
Common Risk Factors for PNALD
Patient-related PN-related

  • Prematurity

  • SGA/IUGR

  • Gastrointestinal disorder

  • Lack of enteral feeds

  • Necrotizing enterocolitis

  • Gastrointestinal surgeries, function, and anatomy

    • bowel length

    • presence of ileum, ileocecal valve, and colon

    • intestinal continuity

  • Infections

  • Prolonged PN duration

  • CLASBI

  • Phytosterols

  • Type of polyunsaturated fatty acid

  • Presence of antioxidants

  • Excess or deficiency of macronutrients or micronutrients

    • carbohydrates

    • amino acids

    • fat

    • copper