Table 2.
Prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders and crude and adjusted odds ratios by antiepileptic drug group: Clinical Practice Research Datalink study
| AED exposure during pregnancy | Total (n) | No. with NDD | Prevalence of NDD [% (95% CI)] | Unadjusted odds ratioa | Adjusted odds ratiob (95% CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls | 6048 | 58 | 0.96 (0.74–1.25) | Reference | Reference | |
| WWE no AED | 472 | 9 | 1.91 (0.93–3.72) | 2.01 | 2.77 (1.21–6.34) | 0.01 |
| Carbamazepine | 148 | 5 | 3.38 (1.25–8.12) | 3.61 | 2.75 (0.92–8.24) | 0.07 |
| Lamotrigine | 122 | 0 | 0.00 (0.00–3.80) | |||
| Valproate | 118 | <5 | 2.54 (0.66–7.81) | 2.69 | 2.02 (0.52–7.86) | 0.5 |
| Other monotherapy | 43 | 0 | 0.00 (0.00–10.21) | |||
| Valproate polytherapy | 38 | <5 | 7.89 (2.06–22.48) | 8.85 | ||
| Other polytherapy | 77 | <5 | 2.60 (0.45–9.93) | 2.75 | 1.62 (0.32–8.28) | 0.6 |
Null cells result from either no observations or instability of the model due to small numbers
AED antiepileptic drug, CI confidence interval, GP general practitioner, NDD neurodevelopmental disorder, SES socioeconomic status, WWE women with epilepsy
aDoes not account for matching to allow the most direct comparison with the results from the Liverpool and Manchester Neurodevelopment Group study
bConditional regression analyses to account for matching on maternal age at pregnancy start, year of delivery, sex of the child and GP practice/SES of GP practice and adjusts for alcohol drinking status