Table 3.
Prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders and crude and adjusted odds ratios by antiepileptic drug group: study by the Liverpool and Manchester Neurodevelopment Group (adapted from Bromley et al. [2], with permission)
| AED exposure during pregnancy | Total (n) | No. with NDD | Prevalence of NDD [% (95% CI)] | Unadjusted odds ratio | Adjusted odds ratioa (95% CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls | 214 | 4 | 1.87 (0.60–5.03) | Reference | Reference | |
| WWE no AED | 26 | 0 | 0.00 (0.00–16.02) | |||
| Carbamazepine | 50 | 1 | 2.00 (0.10–12.01) | 1.07 | 1.09 (0.06–7.39) | 0.9 |
| Lamotrigine | 30 | 2 | 6.67 (0.00–23.51) | 3.75 | 4.06 (0.55–22.20) | 0.1 |
| Valproate | 50 | 6 | 12.00 (4.97–25.00) | 7.16 | 6.05 (1.65–24.53) | 0.007 |
| Other monotherapy | 14 | 2 | 14.29 (0.00–43.85) | 8.75 | 8.17 (1.09–49.40) | 0.02 |
| Valproate polytherapy | 20 | 3 | 15.00 (3.96–38.86) | 9.26 | 9.97 (1.82–49.40) | 0.005 |
| Other polytherapy | 11 | 1 | 9.09 (0.48–42.88) | 5.25 | 4.95 (0.25–40.45) | 0.2 |
Null cells result from either no observations or instability of the model due to small numbers
AED antiepileptic drug, CI confidence interval, NDD neurodevelopmental disorder, WWE women with epilepsy
aVariables used in exploratory analysis for consideration in the final model included seizures during pregnancy, maternal IQ, maternal age, socioeconomic status, alcohol or nicotine exposure, sex and gestational age at birth; a significant association was only found for sex [2]