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. 2017 Apr 8;17(5):43. doi: 10.1007/s11910-017-0748-8

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Fig. 4 — Waveforms, spectrograms and visualised Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) 1–12 for (top left) a vowel-like, low-resonant vocalisation (no cooing), and (top right) a typical cooing vocalisation of a female infant at 56 days post-term. The 3D scatter plot (bottom) shows the distribution of three exemplarily selected acoustic parameters (mean zero-crossings rate [ZCR], mean logarithmic harmonics-to-noise ratio [HNR], mean local jitter) over 20 frames of 0.01 s extracted from the voiced periods (marked with rectangular boxes in upper plots) of either vocalisation (no cooing: 0.35–0.55 s, grey dots; cooing: 0.29–0.49 s, black dots)