Table 1.
Extending the intervention to special populations.
| Study | Primary trend | Additional trends | n | CM duration (weeks) | Maximum earnings | Statistically significant treatment effect | Included follow up? | Statistically significant effects at follow-up | Drug of abuse | CM target |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alessi and Petry (2014) | Special populations | Community clinics | 45 | 4 | CNBD | Yes | Yes | No | Nicotine | Abstinence |
| Businelle et al. (2014) | Special populations | N/A | 68 | 5 | $150 | Yes | No | N/A | Nicotine | Abstinence |
| Drummond et al. (2014) | Special populations | N/A | 100 | 24 | $225 | Yes | No | N/A | Nicotine | Abstinence |
| Dunn et al. (2010) | Special populations | Pharmacotherapy | 40 | 2 | $362.50 | Yes | Yes | No | Nicotine | Abstinence |
| García-Fernández et al. (2013) | Special populations | N/A | 108 | 24 | $2196.00 | Yes | No | N/A | Cocaine | Abstinence |
| Hagedorn et al. (2013) | Special populations | Community clinics | 332 | 8 | CNBD | Yes | Yes | No | Polydrug | Abstinence |
| Hertzberg et al. (2013) | Special populations | Technology | 22 | 4 | $690 (530 for CM) | No | N/A | N/A | Nicotine | Abstinence |
| Higgins et al. (2014) | Special populations | Parametric questions, longer-term outcomes | 130 | 52 | $1180 | Yes | Yes | No | Nicotine | Abstinence |
| Holtyn et al. (2014) | Special populations | N/A | 98 | 30 | $6000 | Yes | Yes | No | Cocaine/Opioids | Abstinence + other therapeutic goal |
| Kaminer et al. (2014) | Special populations | N/A | 79 | 7 | CNBD | No | N/A | N/A | Marijuana | Abstinence |
| Kelly et al. (2014) | Special populations | Community clinics | 160 | 6 | CNBD | Yes | No | N/A | Polydrug | Other therapeutic goal |
| Kendzor et al. (2014) | Special populations | Pharmacotherapy | 146 | 4 | $150 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Nicotine | Abstinence |
| Kidorf et al. (2013) | Special populations | Community clinics | 125 | 12 | $300.00 | Yes | No | N/A | Opioids | Other therapeutic goal |
| Krishnan-Sarin et al. (2013) | Special populations | N/A | 157 | 4 | $262 | Yes | Yes | No | Nicotine | Abstinence |
| McDonell et al. (2013) | Special populations | Community clinics | 176 | 12 | CNBD | Yes | Yes | Yes | Polydrug | Abstinence |
| Menza et al. (2010) | Special populations | N/A | 127 | 12 | $453.75 | No | N/A | N/A | Methamphetamine | Abstinence |
| Ondersma et al. (2012) | Special populations | Community clinics, parametric, technology | 110 | 10 | $50.00 | No | N/A | N/A | Nicotine | Abstinence |
| Petry et al. (2010) | Special populations | Community clinics, parametric | 170 | 24 | CNBD | Yes | Yes | No | Cocaine/opioids | Other therapeutic goal |
| Petry et al. (2013) | Special populations | Community clinics | 19 | 8 | CNBD | Yes | No | N/A | Cocaine | Abstinence |
| Reback et al. (2010) | Special populations | Community clinics | 131 | 24 | CNBD | Yes | Yes | Yes | Polydrug | Abstinence + other therapeutic goal |
| Schottenfeld et al. (2011) | Special populations | Longer-term outcomes | 145 | 24 | $935 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Cocaine | Abstinence |
| Secades-Villa et al. (2013) | Special populations | Community clinics | 118 | 24 | $2196.00 | Yes | No | N/A | Cocaine | Abstinence |
| Stanger et al. (2009) | Special populations | N/A | 69 | 12 | $570 | Yes | Yes | No | Marijuana | Abstinence |
Note: primary trend refers to main trend authors assigned study to; additional trends refers to additional trends study was assigned to aside from the primary trend; n refers to sample size (across all groups); CM duration refers to the number of weeks during which contingent incentives could be earned (CNBD = duration could not be determined); Maximum earnings refers to the maximum amount that could be earned in the intervention (CNBD = maximum earnings could not be determined); Statistically significant treatment effects and effects at follow-up defined in all studies as outcomes significant at p < 0.05; Follow up effects were only evaluated if during treatment effects were statistically significant; drug of abuse refers to drug targeted by CM intervention; CM target refers to the behavior on which incentives were contingent.