Table 3.
Effect of Late Intervention of Type 2 Diabetic Mice with Menhaden Oil, α-Lipoic Acid, Enalapril or their Combination on Change in Body Weight, Blood Glucose and Serum Triglycerides, Free Fatty Acids, Cholesterol and Liver Nitrotyrosine and Steatosis
| Determination | Baseline Control |
Baseline Diabetic |
Control | Diabetic | Diabetic + Menhaden Oil |
Diabetic + α-Lipoic Acid |
Diabetic + Enalapril |
Diabetic + Combination |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (19) | (23) | (19) | (23) | (15) | (14) | (15) | (12) | |
| Start weight (g) | 25.9 ± 0.5 | 25.7 ± 0.6 | 24.8 ± 0.4 | 25.9 ± 0.5 | 25.6 ± 0.7 | 25.7 ± 0.4 | 25.4 ± 0.6 | 25.8 ± 0.6 |
| Weight at treatment (g) |
NA | NA | 28.8 ± 0.4 | 39.9 ± 1.4* | 41.3 ± 1.3* | 42.1 ± 1.7* | 40.8 ± 1.3* | 41.4 ± 1.1* |
| Final weight (g) | 30.7 ± 0.5 | 41.6 ± 1.8* | 31.8 ± 0.5 | 47.9 ± 3.1* | 49.5 ± 1.9* | 43.3 ± 2.8* | 31.6 ± 1.1† | 31.0 ± 0.7† |
| Blood glucose at treatment (mg/dl) |
NA | NA | 176 ± 5 | 322 ± 19* | 300 ± 24* | 339 ± 15* | 338 ± 29* | 337 ± 21* |
| Blood glucose (mg/dl) | 189 ± 8 | 407 ± 35* | 186 ± 8 | 338 ± 37* | 237 ± 23 | 285 ± 30 | 313 ± 42* | 252 ± 13 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 85 ± 9 | 126 ± 19* | 93 ± 10 | 149 ± 26* | 80 ± 24† | 55 ± 10† | 53 ± 17† | 32 ± 6*, † |
| Free fatty acids (mmol/l) |
0.23 ± 0.03 | 0.29 ± 0.03 | 0.27 ± 0.02 | 0.42 ± 0.06 | 0.24 ± 0.03† | 0.29 ± 0.02 | 0.24 ± 0.04† | 0.17 ± 0.02† |
| Cholesterol (mg/ml) | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 2.8 ± 0.1* | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 2.8 ± 0.2* | 2.3 ± 0.1* | 2.3 ± 0.2* | 2.7 ± 0.2* | 2.3 ± 0.2* |
| Nitrotyrosine (pmol/mg protein) |
8.7 ± 0.3 | 12.0 ± 0.5* | 9.8 ± 0.4 | 12.0 ± 0.6* | 14.1 ± 0.5* | 10.9 ± 0.4 | 10.0 ± 0.4 | 10.6 ± 0.6 |
| Steatosis (% area) | 4.9 ± 0.5 | 35.7 ± 2.1* | 3.7 ± 0.6 | 53.5 ± 2.7* | 30.8 ± 2.2*, † | 30.2 ± 2.1*, † | 21.0 ± 2.2*, † | 9.6 ± 0.6† |
Data are presented as the mean ± S.E.M.
*
P < 0.05 compared to respective control mice
†
P < 0.05 compared to diabetic mice. NA = not applicable. Parentheses indicate the number of experimental animals.