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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neuropharmacology. 2017 Jan 13;116:371–386. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.01.010

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

Xamoterol is a selective ADRB1 partial agonist with functional bias at the cAMP signaling pathway at the cloned human ADRB1 receptor. A) Dose-response curves for cAMP show xamoterol (S-enantiomer) with an efficacy of 50% relative to isoproterenol through the ADRB1 receptor and an EC50 of 2.2 nM (0.3–14.6 nM). Xamoterol has no cAMP activity through ADRB2 or ADRB3 up through 100 μM. B) Dose-response curves for β-arrestin activity show minimal (<10%) action of xamoterol on β-arrestin through ADRB1 or ADRB2. Data for cAMP represent 5 experiments performed in singlet or duplicate, and for β-arrestin, technical replicates within a single experiment.